TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study participants1
| Characteristics | Low-level coffee consumption (n = 113,995) | Moderate-level coffee consumption (n = 204,140) | High-level coffee consumption (n = 77,404) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at recruitment, y | 56.0 (48.7–62.3) | 58.5 (50.7–63.7) | 57.0 (49.7–62.8) |
| Follow-up time, y | 11.8 (11.1–12.5) | 11.8 (11.1–12.5) | 11.8 (11.1–12.5) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 66,094 (57.98%) | 112,445 (55.08%) | 37,486 (48.43%) |
| Male | 47,901 (42.02%) | 91,695 (44.92%) | 39,918 (51.57%) |
| Townsend deprivation index | |||
| <−3.64 | 26,217 (23.00%) | 55,060 (26.97%) | 20,012 (25.85%) |
| −3.64 to −2.14 | 27,304 (23.95%) | 52,885 (25.91%) | 19,980 (25.81%) |
| −2.14 to 0.55 | 28,990 (25.43%) | 51,060 (25.01%) | 19,332 (24.98%) |
| ≥0.55 | 31,341 (27.49%) | 44,874 (21.98%) | 17,993 (23.25%) |
| Unknown | 143 (0.13%) | 261 (0.13%) | 87 (0.11%) |
| Household income, ₤ | |||
| <18,000 | 21,872 (19.19%) | 33,752 (16.53%) | 12,838 (16.59%) |
| 18,000 to 52,000 | 49,673 (43.57%) | 90,967 (44.56%) | 34,747 (44.89%) |
| ≥52,000 | 24,353 (21.36%) | 50,631 (24.80%) | 19,557 (25.27%) |
| Unknown | 18,097 (15.88%) | 28,790 (14.10%) | 10,262 (13.26%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||
| <24.1 | 30,842 (27.06%) | 55,227 (27.05%) | 16,081 (20.78%) |
| 24.1 to 29.9 | 55,818 (48.97%) | 104,665 (51.27%) | 39,884 (51.53%) |
| ≥29.9 | 26,648 (23.38%) | 43,453 (21.29%) | 21,146 (27.32%) |
| Unknown | 687 (0.60%) | 795 (0.39%) | 293 (0.38%) |
| Smoking status | |||
| <5 cigarettes/d | 3434 (3.01%) | 7585 (3.72%) | 3590 (4.64%) |
| 5 to 14 cigarettes/d | 2657 (2.33%) | 4358 (2.13%) | 3190 (4.12%) |
| ≥15 cigarettes/d | 4006 (3.51%) | 5055 (2.48%) | 6399 (8.27%) |
| Former smoker | 34,361 (30.14%) | 69,657 (34.12%) | 27,133 (35.05%) |
| Never smoker | 69,052 (60.57%) | 116,760 (57.20%) | 36,738 (47.46%) |
| Unknown | 485 (0.43%) | 725 (0.36%) | 354 (0.46%) |
| Alcohol drinking status2 | |||
| Low-risk drinking | 63,249 (55.48%) | 110,126 (53.95%) | 38,816 (50.15%) |
| Hazardous drinking | 29,113 (25.54%) | 68,932 (33.77%) | 27,521 (35.56%) |
| Harmful drinking | 6421 (5.63%) | 11,344 (5.56%) | 5212 (6.73%) |
| Former drinker | 4908 (4.31%) | 4409 (2.16%) | 2570 (3.32%) |
| Never drinker | 8296 (7.28%) | 6036 (2.96%) | 2005 (2.59%) |
| Unknown | 2008 (1.76%) | 3293 (1.61%) | 1280 (1.65%) |
| Coffee type3 | |||
| Regular | 22,400 (19.65%) | 164,586 (80.62%) | 61,784 (79.82%) |
| Decaffeinated | 5412 (4.75%) | 37,531 (18.38%) | 14,722 (19.02%) |
| Unknown | 875 (0.77%) | 2023 (0.99%) | 898 (1.16%) |
| Not available | 85,308 (74.83%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) |
| Total physical activity4 | |||
| Low | 22,655 (19.87%) | 37,982 (18.61%) | 16,308 (21.07%) |
| Moderate | 44,380 (38.93%) | 87,827 (43.02%) | 30,535 (39.45%) |
| High | 23,637 (20.74%) | 41,639 (20.40%) | 15,729 (20.32%) |
| Unknown | 23,323 (20.46%) | 36,692 (17.97%) | 14,832 (19.16%) |
| Fruit and vegetable consumption5 | |||
| Inadequate | 77,963 (68.39%) | 135,825 (66.54%) | 55,339 (71.49%) |
| Adequate | 35,855 (31.45%) | 68,153 (33.39%) | 21,969 (28.38%) |
| Unknown | 177 (0.16%) | 162 (0.08%) | 96 (0.12%) |
| Tea intake6 | |||
| Low | 11,713 (10.28%) | 26,613 (13.04%) | 31,774 (41.05%) |
| Moderate | 49,267 (43.22%) | 123,843 (60.67%) | 35,226 (45.51%) |
| High | 52,751 (46.27%) | 53,515 (26.21%) | 10,301 (13.31%) |
| Unknown | 264 (0.23%) | 169 (0.08%) | 103 (0.13%) |
The values are reported as the median (lower quantile–upper quantile) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. Low-, moderate-, and high-level coffee consumption were defined as drinking <1, 1–3, or ≥4 cups of coffee per day. MET, metabolic equivalent task.
For a current drinker, the alcohol consumption level was calculated by converting the reported number of glasses to the UK standard unit for each type of alcohol and summing up different types of alcohol intakes. Low-risk drinking was defined as an alcohol consumption level ≤14 units/week, hazardous drinking was defined as 14–35 units/week (for women) or 14–50 units/week (for men), and harmful drinking was defined as ≥35 units/week (for women) or ≥50 units/week (for men).
Coffee drinkers were asked to select the type of coffee they usually consumed from the following mutually exclusive responses: decaffeinated coffee (any type), instant coffee, ground coffee, other type of coffee, or “do not know or prefer not to answer.” The categories of instant coffee, ground coffee, and other type of coffee are combined as regular coffee.
The total physical activity amount was calculated by summing the MET weighted time spent in vigorous, moderate, and walking activities. Low, moderate, and high physical activities were defined as total physical activity amounts <798, 798–3,552, or ≥3,552 MET min/wk.
Inadequate fruit or vegetable consumption was defined as eating less than 5 portions of fruit and vegetables per day.
Low-, moderate-, and high-level tea intake were defined as tea consumption <1, 1–4, or ≥4 cups per day.