Figure 2.

Summary plot of the effect of oats and oat ß-glucan on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity. Data are expressed as weighted MD with 95% CI using the generic inverse variance method modeled by random effects (≥5 trials available) or fixed effects (<5 trials available). To allow for the pooled effect estimates for each outcome to be displayed on the same axis, MDs were transformed to SMDs. Pseudo-95% CIs for each transformed SMD were derived directly from the original MD and 95% CI. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q statistics, where p<0.100 is considered statistically significant, and quantified by the I² statistics, where I² ≥50% is considered evidence of substantial heterogeneity.⁶⁰ The GRADE of randomized controlled trials is rated as ‘high’ certainty of evidence and can be downgraded by five domains and upgraded by one domain. The filled black squares indicate downgrade and/or upgrade for each outcome. *Unable to assess publication bias due to <10 studies per outcome. GRADE, Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; 2h-PG, 2-hour postprandial glucose; MD, mean difference; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SMD, standardized mean difference.