Table 1.

TGFβ-ATF6-TXNDC5 signaling axis triggers various downstream fibrogenic signaling pathways in different organs

Organ fibrosis	TXNDC5 downstream signaling pathway
Cardiac fibrosis [25]	1. Non-canonical TGFβ pathway: JNK signaling
	2. Facilitating folding of ECM protein, such as collagen and fibronectin
Pulmonary fibrosis [26]	1. Canonical TGFβ pathway: SMAD3 signaling
	2. Non-canonical TGFβ pathway: JNK and ERK signaling
	3. Post-translationally stabilizing TGFβR1 protein
Renal fibrosis [27]	1. Canonical TGFβ pathway: SMAD3 signaling
	2. Post-translationally stabilizing TGFβR1 protein
Liver fibrosis [28]	1. Non-canonical TGFβ pathway: JNK and STAT3 signaling