Table 2.
Inferential statistics for the association between different measures of pubertal timing and internalizing psychopathology.
| Prospective | Cross-sectional | Combined | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median point estimate [CI] | Share of results in negative direction | Share of sign. results in negative direction | Median point estimate [CI] | Share of results in negative direction | Share of sign. results in negative direction | Median point estimate [CI] | Share of results in negative direction | Share of sign. results in negative direction | ||||||||||
| observed | p | share | p | share | p | observed | p | share | p | share | p | observed | p | share | p | share | p | |
| Residualized self-report PDS stage | −0.14 [−0.17; −0.07] | <.001 | 91/112 | <.001 | 8 | .650 | −0.08 [−0.13; −0.06] | <.001 | 100/112 | <.001 | 1 | 1 | −0.10 [−0.13; −0.08] | <.001 | 191/224 | <.001 | 9 | .998 |
| Residualized parent-report PDS stage | −0.18 [−0.24; −0.13] | <.001 | 96/112 | <.001 | 14 | .012 | −0.09 [−0.12; −0.05] | <.001 | 95/112 | <.001 | 0 | 1 | −0.13 [−0.16; −0.09] | <.001 | 191/224 | <.001 | 14 | .752 |
| Residualized LD Tanner stage | −0.29 [−0.35; −0.22] | <.001 | 112/112 | <.001 | 38 | <.001 | −0.31 [−0.33; −0.22] | <.001 | 112/112 | <.001 | 39 | <.001 | −0.30 [−0.32; −0.23] | <.001 | 224/224 | <.001 | 77 | <.001 |
| Residualized gonadal composite | −0.20 [−0.26; −0.16] | <.001 | 111/112 | <.001 | 36 | <.001 | −0.15 [−0.21; −0.11] | <.001 | 99/112 | <.001 | 16 | <.001 | −0.18 [−0.22; −0.15] | <.001 | 210/224 | <.001 | 52 | <.001 |
| Residualized adrenal composite | −0.19 [−0.21; −0.11] | <.001 | 100/112 | <.001 | 17 | .001 | −0.19 [−0.20; −0.13] | <.001 | 112/112 | <.001 | 4 | .997 | −0.19 [−0.19; −0.13] | <.001 | 212/224 | <.001 | 21 | .057 |
| Self-report subjective timing | 0.04 [−0.03; 0.05] | .009 | 64/112 | .156 | 4 | .997 | −0.17 [−0.19; −0.11] | <.001 | 112/112 | <.001 | 13 | .063 | −0.08 [−0.11; −0.05] | <.001 | 160/224 | <.001 | 17 | .529 |
| Parent-report subjective timing | −0.14 [−0.17; −0.09] | <.001 | 80/112 | <.001 | 3 | .999 | −0.19 [−0.17; −0.09] | <.001 | 99/112 | <.001 | 0 | 1 | −0.16 [−0.16; −0.10] | <.001 | 179/224 | <.001 | 3 | 1 |
| Age at menarche | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | −0.05 [−0.05; 0.01] | .055 | 66/112 | .088 | 0 | 1 | ||||||
| Residualized DHEA | −0.15 [−0.13; −.05] | <.001 | 94/112 | <.001 | 0 | 1 | −0.04 [−0.08; 0] | .001 | 82/112 | <.001 | 0 | 1 | −0.08 [−0.09; −0.03] | <.001 | 176/224 | <.001 | 0 | 1 |
| Residualized testosterone | −0.03 [−0.03; 0.05] | .058 | 69/112 | .018 | 0 | 1 | −0.03 [−0.06; 0.01] | .060 | 80/112 | <.001 | 0 | 1 | −0.03 [−0.04; 0.01] | .012 | 149/224 | <.001 | 0 | 1 |
| Residualized estradiol | 0.11 [0.08; 0.15] | <.001 | 6/112 | 1 | 0 | 1 | −0.01 [−0.05; 0.02] | .371 | 63/112 | .221 | 0 | 1 | 0.05 [0.03; 0.09] | <.001 | 69/224 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| All predictors combined | −0.10 [−0.11;−0.08] | <.001 | 807/1120 | <.001 | 120 | <.001 | −0.10 [−0.12;−0.10] | <.001 | 954/1120 | <.001 | 73 | .594 | −0.10 [−0.11;−0.09] | <.001 | 1827/2352 | <.001 | 193 | <.001 |
Note: “Prospective ” statistics are from models of Time 1 pubertal timing and Time 2 outcomes, “cross-sectional” from models of Time 2 pubertal timing and outcomes, and “combined” from all of those models. Statistics are based on bootstrapped null models, see Methods for details. DHEA=dehydroepiandrosterone, CI=confidence interval, LD=Line Drawings, PDS=Pubertal Development Scale.