TABLE I.
Applications of PCs and P-EVs in oral hard tissue regeneration.
| Material | Comparisons | Effect of PCs | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maxillary sinus floor elevation | |||
| PRP | PRP | Leads to steady increase. | 53 |
| PRP vs alloplastic graft material | 54 | ||
| P-PRP + freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) vs FDBA | Shortens healing time. | 55 | |
| L-PRP + composite bone graft | When combined with PRP, new bone is formed. | 56 | |
| PRP + autologous bone grafts vs autologous bone grafts | 57 | ||
| PRP + iliac crest bone vs iliac crest bone | 58 | ||
| L-PRF + hydroxyapatite | 59 | ||
| PRF | PRF | Leads to endosinus bone gain. | 60–63 |
| PRF + deproteinized bovine bone mineral | Increases vertical bone height and stabilization. | 22, 68 | |
| L-PRF | Repair maxillary sinus membrane perforation. | 69, 70 | |
| A-PRF vs collagen membrane | 71 | ||
| CGF | CGF | Induces new bone formation under the elevated sinus membrane with vertical bone gain. | 64–66 |
| CGF + grafted with allograft vs grafted with allograft | Obtains vertical bone height stabilization. | 67 | |
| Alveolar ridge preservation | |||
| PRP | PRP | Reduces inflammation, promotes soft tissue healing. | 73, 74 |
| PRF | PRF vs natural healing | Promotes the healing of soft and bone tissues. reduces pain and discomfort. | 76–78 |
| PRF vs bone allografts | 79 | ||
| CGF | CGF vs natural healing | Reduces vertical and horizontal bone resorption and promotes new bone formation. | 80–82 |
| Guided bone regeneration (GBR) | |||
| PRP | PRP | Beneficial in the early healing phase of soft tissue wounds. No significant effect on bone height changes. | 85–89 |
| PRF | PRF | Improves implant stability, implant survival and marginal bone level. | 90, 91 |
| PRF + autogenous and xenogenous grafts + collagen membrane | 94 | ||
| PRF + autogenous bone + bovine inorganic bone graft | 95 | ||
| CGF | CGF | Promotes horizontal and vertical bone regeneration. | 31 |
| CGF vs collagen membrane | 96 | ||
| CGF + mineralized collagen vs mineralized collagen | 97 | ||
| CGF + bone graft matrix vs bone-shell technique | 98 | ||
| P-EVs | P-EVs | Promotes osteogenic differentiation. | 99, 100 |
| Periodontal intrabony defects repair | |||
| PRP | PRP + demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft vs demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft | Increases CAL and improves gingival recession, but no effect on the gain of hard tissue filling or new hard tissue formation. | 101 |
| PRP + bone mineral + GTR (guided tissue regeneration) vs bone mineral + GTR | 102 | ||
| PRP + β-TCP + GTR vs β-TCP + GTR | 103 | ||
| PRP + demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft vs demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft | 104 | ||
| PRF | PRF vs OFD | Reduces the bone defect depth and increases bone fill. | 108 |
| PRP + OFD vs OFD | 109 | ||
| PRF+ OFD vs autogenous bone graft + OFD | 110 | ||
| PRF+ freeze-dried bone allograft vs freeze-dried bone allograft | Combination of PRF is significantly beneficial to clinical defect depth reduction and defect filling. | 111 | |
| PRF vs PRF + Bovine porous bone mineral | 112 | ||
| PRF + bovine porous bone mineral + GTR vs bovine porous bone mineral + GTR | 113 | ||
| CGF | CGF | Reduces PD, increases CAL and bone level height, and fills bone defects. | 115 |
| CGF vs CGF +demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft | 116 | ||
| CGF + bovine bone mineral vs bovine bone mineral | Obtains better bone defect repair results. | 117 | |
| Flap surgery vs flap surgery + CGF vs flap surgery + Bio-Oss vs flap surgery + CGF + Bio-Oss | 118 | ||