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. 2022 Sep 2;101(35):e30121. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030121

Table 2.

Hemodynamic responses after placebo, NMES, and TENS, and relative differences (in percentage) between each ES and placebo, and between TENS and NMES given as mean ± SD and 95% confidence interval and median [Q1, Q3].

Baseline Stimulation % change P value P value
FV (mL/min) Placebo 82.8 ± 34.7 78.9 ± 33.0 −3.91 ± 10.45 .080§
(68.15–97.47) (64.94–92.83) (−8.32 to 0.50)
76.3 [50.9–106.7] 69.6 [47.6–107.1] −4.36 [−13.13 to 3.48]
NMES 83.4 ± 35.3 101.5 ± 29.6 37.2 ± 62.0 .002
(68.45–98.31) (88.97–113.99) (10.98–63.36)
80.2 [49.3–115.9] 102.3 [78.6–126.9] 17.2 [−2.1 to 51.1]
TENS 78.6 ± 32.7 234.7 ± 109.0 226.2 ± 190.3 <.001
(64.83–92.42) (188.67–280.72) (145.79–306.52)
70.0 [48.7–107.4] 214.8 [183.4,286.8] 185.1 [113.7–266.6]
NMES vs placebo vdPlaPlacebo 42.57 ± 57.39 .001
(18.34–66.81)
26.6 [1.13–64.7]
TENS vs Placebo 230.86 ± 203.34 <.001
(144.99–316.73)
170.4 [106.5–272.7]
TENS vs NMES 139.28 ± 122.16 <.001
(87.70–190.87)
117.1 [85.2–151.6]
PV (cm/s) Placebo 15.57 ± 7.42 15.04 ± 6.64 −1.77 ± 13.6 .212
(12.44–18.71) (12.24–17.85) (−7.52 to 3.96)
12.66 [10.18–18.84] 13.26 [9.95–17.49] −3.47 [−10.74 to 2.86]
NMES 15.26 ± 6.88 49.54 ± 16.93 264.4 ± 152.2 <.001§
(12.35–18.17) (42.39–56.69) (200.14–328.71)
13.65 [10.45–17.86] 46.6 [35.1–64.6] 223.2 [122.8–404.5]
TENS 15.49 ± 6.39 44.2 ± 20.1 202.7 ± 144.6 <.001
(12.79–18.19) (35.73–52.70) (141.62–263.79)
14.55 [10.2–18.7] 39.3 [27.6–58.4] 148.9 [109.9–254.2]
NMES vs placebo vdPlaPlacebo 266.17 ± 150.42 <.001
(202.66–329.69)
235.8 [143.9–346.9]
TENS vs Placebo 216.76 ± 160.27 <.001
(149.09–284.44)
166.8 [121.1–267.7]
TENS vs NMES −5.55 ± 42.77 .531§
(−23.61 to 12.50)
−10.1 [−36.2 to 24.6]

NMES = neuromuscular electrical stimulation, TENS = transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

*For each ES (ES − baseline) × 100/baseline. For each ES comparison, the differences of the corresponding change (%).

Based on the % of change of stimulation with respect to baseline.

Based on the % of change based on the differences in NMES vs Placebo, TENS vs Placebo and TENS vs NMES.

§

One sample t test for % change.

One sample Wilcoxon test for % change.