Table 2.
Hemodynamic responses after placebo, NMES, and TENS, and relative differences (in percentage) between each ES and placebo, and between TENS and NMES given as mean ± SD and 95% confidence interval and median [Q1, Q3].
Baseline | Stimulation | % change | P value† | P value‡ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FV (mL/min) | Placebo | 82.8 ± 34.7 | 78.9 ± 33.0 | −3.91 ± 10.45 | .080§ | |
(68.15–97.47) | (64.94–92.83) | (−8.32 to 0.50) | ||||
76.3 [50.9–106.7] | 69.6 [47.6–107.1] | −4.36 [−13.13 to 3.48] | ||||
NMES | 83.4 ± 35.3 | 101.5 ± 29.6 | 37.2 ± 62.0 | .002∥ | ||
(68.45–98.31) | (88.97–113.99) | (10.98–63.36) | ||||
80.2 [49.3–115.9] | 102.3 [78.6–126.9] | 17.2 [−2.1 to 51.1] | ||||
TENS | 78.6 ± 32.7 | 234.7 ± 109.0 | 226.2 ± 190.3 | <.001∥ | ||
(64.83–92.42) | (188.67–280.72) | (145.79–306.52) | ||||
70.0 [48.7–107.4] | 214.8 [183.4,286.8] | 185.1 [113.7–266.6] | ||||
NMES vs placebo vdPlaPlacebo | 42.57 ± 57.39 | .001∥ | ||||
(18.34–66.81) | ||||||
26.6 [1.13–64.7] | ||||||
TENS vs Placebo | 230.86 ± 203.34 | <.001∥ | ||||
(144.99–316.73) | ||||||
170.4 [106.5–272.7] | ||||||
TENS vs NMES | 139.28 ± 122.16 | <.001∥ | ||||
(87.70–190.87) | ||||||
117.1 [85.2–151.6] | ||||||
PV (cm/s) | Placebo | 15.57 ± 7.42 | 15.04 ± 6.64 | −1.77 ± 13.6 | .212∥ | |
(12.44–18.71) | (12.24–17.85) | (−7.52 to 3.96) | ||||
12.66 [10.18–18.84] | 13.26 [9.95–17.49] | −3.47 [−10.74 to 2.86] | ||||
NMES | 15.26 ± 6.88 | 49.54 ± 16.93 | 264.4 ± 152.2 | <.001§ | ||
(12.35–18.17) | (42.39–56.69) | (200.14–328.71) | ||||
13.65 [10.45–17.86] | 46.6 [35.1–64.6] | 223.2 [122.8–404.5] | ||||
TENS | 15.49 ± 6.39 | 44.2 ± 20.1 | 202.7 ± 144.6 | <.001∥ | ||
(12.79–18.19) | (35.73–52.70) | (141.62–263.79) | ||||
14.55 [10.2–18.7] | 39.3 [27.6–58.4] | 148.9 [109.9–254.2] | ||||
NMES vs placebo vdPlaPlacebo | 266.17 ± 150.42 | <.001∥ | ||||
(202.66–329.69) | ||||||
235.8 [143.9–346.9] | ||||||
TENS vs Placebo | 216.76 ± 160.27 | <.001∥ | ||||
(149.09–284.44) | ||||||
166.8 [121.1–267.7] | ||||||
TENS vs NMES | −5.55 ± 42.77 | .531§ | ||||
(−23.61 to 12.50) | ||||||
−10.1 [−36.2 to 24.6] |
NMES = neuromuscular electrical stimulation, TENS = transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
*For each ES (ES − baseline) × 100/baseline. For each ES comparison, the differences of the corresponding change (%).
Based on the % of change of stimulation with respect to baseline.
Based on the % of change based on the differences in NMES vs Placebo, TENS vs Placebo and TENS vs NMES.
One sample t test for % change.
One sample Wilcoxon test for % change.