Table 1.
General characteristics of participants with and without change in eating and nutritional habits
| Changing nutritional and eating habits, n (%) (n = 235) | Eating and nutrition habits unchanged, n (%) (n = 170) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Female | 166 (70.6) | 117 (68.8) | 0.742 |
| Male | 69 (29.4) | 53 (31.2) | |
| Occupation | |||
| Specialist, M.D. | 138 (58.7) | 100 (58.8) | 0.471 |
| General practitioner, M.D. | 34.1 (3.8) | 9 (5.3) | |
| Research assistant, M.D. | 12 (5.1) | 15 (8.8) | |
| Dentist | 63 (26.8) | 37 (21.8) | |
| Other hospital staff (nurse, physiotherapist, laboratory) | 13 (5.5) | 9 (5.3) | |
| Shift schedule | |||
| Day | 138 (59.1) | 112 (65.9) | 0.215 |
| Night | 2 (0.9) | 0 (0) | |
| Day and night rotation | 94 (40) | 58 (34.1) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 171 (72.8) | 132 (77.6) | 0.496 |
| Single | 51 (21.7) | 29 (17.1) | |
| Divorced/widowed | 13 (5.5) | 9 (5.3) | |
| Chronic disease | |||
| Yes | 72 (30.6) | 30 (17.6) | 0.004 |
| No | 163 (69.4) | 140 (82.4) | |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 124 (57) | 99 (58.2) | 0.583 |
| Quit smoking | 35 (14.9) | 30 (17.6) | |
| Yes | 66 (28.1) | 41 (24.1) | |
| Smoking behavior change during pandemic (n = 107) | |||
| Increased | 36 (54.5) | 11 (26.8) | 0.002 |
| Decreased | 7 (10.6) | 1 (2.4) | |
| Quit | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | |
| No change | 22 (33.3) | 29 (70.7) | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Yes | 90 (38.3) | 63 (37.1) | 0.944 |
| No | 126 (53.6) | 94 (55.3) | |
| Quit | 19 (8.1) | 13 (7.6) | |
| Alcohol consumption behavior change during pandemic (n = 153) | |||
| Increased | 32 (35.6) | 7 (11.1) | 0.003 |
| Decreased | 20 (22.2) | 20 (31.7) | |
| No change | 38 (42.2) | 36 (57.1) | |
| Prior psychiatric treatment | |||
| Yes | 71 (30.2) | 47 (27.6) | 0.740 |
| No | 164 (69.8) | 123 (72.4) | |
| Prior psychiatric diagnosis (n = 118) | |||
| Anxiety | 20 (28.6) | 18 (37.5) | 0.609 |
| Depression | 39 (55.7) | 23 (47.9) | |
| Panic disorder | 3 (4.3) | 4 (8.3) | |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | 2 (2.9) | 1 (2.1) | |
| Other | 6 (8.6) | 2 (2.1) | |
| Psychological support during pandemic | |||
| Needed and supported | 43 (18.3) | 18 (10.6) | < 0.001 |
| Needed, but not supported | 96 (40.9) | 40 (23.5) | |
| Not needed | 96 (40.9) | 112 (65.9) | |
| Ongoing psychiatric treatment (n = 62) | |||
| Yes | 44 (18.7) | 18 (10.6) | 0.026 |
| No | 191 (81.3) | 152 (89.4) | |
| Present psychiatric diagnosis | |||
| Anxiety | 23 (52.3) | 12 (66.7) | |
| Depression | 16 (36.4) | 3 (16.7) | 0.040 |
| Panic disorder | 1 (2.3) | 3 (16.7) | |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | |
| Other | 3 (6.8) | 0 (0) | |
| Mean or median | Mean or median | ||
| Age, y* | 39.82 ± 9.68 | 40.33 ± 8.89 | 0.747 |
| Working time, y | 15.23 ± 9.06 | 16.9 ± 8.08 | 0.091 |
| Shift hours† | 8 (5–24) | 8 (4–24) | 0.766 |
| Number of children | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–4) | 0.540 |
| Years of smoking | 11.36 ± 8.24 | 13.64 ± 8.08 | 0.076 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.88 ± 4.13 | 25.67 ± 4.15 | 0.012 |
| Perceived Stress Scale | 27.9 ± 6.4 | 24.4 ± 7.69 | < 0.001 |
| Nutrition Change Process Scale | 109.95 ± 29.79 | 95.37 ± 32.05 | < 0.001 |
| Emotional Eating Scale | 11.89 ± 6.34 | 8.99 ± 5.81 | < 0.001 |
M.D., medical doctor.
Categorical variables are compared with χ2 or Fisher's Exact test. Continuous variables are compared by independent samples t or Mann–Whitney U test according to the normality status of the variable.
⁎
Independent samples t test.
†
Mann–Whitney U test used for comparison.