Table 3.
Association between workers knowledge, attitude, practice and other factors with their occupational safety at workplace
| Variables | Occupational safety |
Prevalence Difference % (P-value) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City corporation N=153 |
Municipalities N=346 |
Total N=499 |
|||||
| Safe n (%) |
Unsafe n (%) |
Safe n (%) |
Unsafe n (%) |
Safe n (%) |
Unsafe n (%) |
||
| Knowledge | |||||||
|
Received occupational training Yes No |
10 (50) 10 (50) |
11(8) 122 (92) |
41 (39) 65 (61) |
37 (15) 203 (85) |
51 (40) 75 (60) |
48 (13) 325 (87) |
32.7 (0.00) |
|
Knowledge of maintaining protective gears Yes No |
17 (85) 3 (15) |
57 (43) 76 (57) |
95 (90) 11 (10) |
124 (52) 116 (48) |
112 (89) 14 (11) |
181 (49) 192 (51) |
31.4 (0.00) |
|
Heard about communicable diseases Yes No |
16 (80) 4 (20) |
89 (67) 44 (33) |
39 (37) 67 (63) |
107 (45) 133 (55) |
55 (44) 71 (56) |
196 (53) 177 (47) |
-6.7 (0.084) |
|
Knowledge about wearing mask when handling waste Yes No |
10 (50) 10 (50) |
64 (48) 69 (52) |
57 (54) 49 (46) |
124 (52) 116 (48) |
67 (53) 59 (47) |
188 (50) 185 (50) |
2.09 (0.59) |
| Knowledge about spreading COVID-19? | (N= 20) | (N= 131) | (N= 88) | (N= 228) | (N= 108) | (N= 359) | |
| Coughing (yes) | 18 (90) | 104 (79) | 75 (85) | 195 (85) | 93 (86) | 299 (83) | |
| Sneezing (yes) | 16 (80) | 101 (77) | 63 (71) | 154 (67) | 79 (73) | 255 (71) | |
| Spittle (yes) | 5 (25) | 37 (28) | 29 (33) | 63 (28) | 34 (31) | 100 (28) | |
| Used utensils (yes) | 5 (25) | 17 (13) | 10 (11) | 34 (15) | 15 (14) | 51 (14) | |
| Social gathering (yes) | 18 (90) | 72 (55) | 42 (48) | 111 (49) | 60 (55) | 183 (51) | |
| Air (yes) | 1 (5) | 2 (1.5) | 4 (4.6) | 7 (3.1) | 5 (4.6) | 9 (2.5) | |
| Don't know (yes) | 0 (0) | 13 (9.9) | 4 (4.6) | 15 (6.6) | 4 (3.7) | 28 (7.8) | |
| Others | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (2.3) | 3 (1.32) | 2 (1.9) | 4 (1.1) | |
|
Knowledge of spreading COVID-19 by Coughing, Sneezing, Social gathering Yes No |
(N= 20) | (N= 133) | (N= 106) | (N= 240) | (N= 126) | (N= 373) | |
|
14 (70) 6 (30) |
58 (44) 75 (56) |
30 (28) 76 (72) |
78 (32) 162 (67) |
44 (35) 82 (65) |
136 (36) 237 (64) |
-1.26 (0.756) |
|
| Knowledge about prevention of COVID-19? | (N= 20) | (N= 133) | (N= 106) | (N= 240) | (N= 126) | (N= 373) | |
| Wearing face mask (yes) | 18 (90) | 119 (89) | 104 (98) | 222 (92) | 122 (97) | 341 (91) | |
| Face shield (yes) | 4 (20) | 6 (4.5) | 5 (4.7) | 5 (2.1) | 9 (7.1) | 11 (2.9) | |
| Using hand gloves (yes) | 10 (50) | 51 (38) | 34 (32) | 97 (40) | 44 (35) | 148 (40) | |
| Hand washing (yes) | 16 (80) | 106 (80) | 72 (68) | 156 (65) | 88 (70) | 262 (70) | |
| Not touching eye, nose, face (yes) | 8 (40) | 33 (25) | 33 (31) | 47 (19) | 41 (32) | 80 (21) | |
| Maintaining social distance (yes) | 18 (90) | 76 (57) | 74 (70) | 107 (44) | 92 (73) | 183 (49) | |
| Washing cloths (yes) | 8 (40) | 36 (27) | 21 (20) | 38 (16) | 29 (23) | 74 (20) | |
| Cleaning fruits and vegetables (yes) | 1 (5) | 7 (5.3) | 3 (2.8) | 21 (8.7) | 4 (3.2) | 28 (7.5) | |
| Using elbow while coughing or sneezing (yes) | 6 (30) | 25 (19) | 4 (3.8) | 16 (6.7) | 10 (7.9) | 41 (11) | |
| Cleaning toilets (yes) | 1 (5) | 9 (6.8) | 2 (1.9) | 10 (4.2) | 3 (2.4) | 19 (5.1) | |
| Washing shoes or other equipment (yes) | 3 (15) | 9 (6.8) | 2 (1.9) | 11 (4.6) | 5 (3.9) | 20 (5.4) | |
| Medicine (yes) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.9) | 6 (2.5) | 1 (0.8) | 7 (1.9) | |
| Vaccination (yes) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.5) | |
| Cleanliness (yes) | 0 (0) | 2 (91) | 2 (1.9) | 16 (6.7) | 2 (1.6) | 18 (4.9) | |
| Don't know (yes) | 1 (5) | 7 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 10 (4.2) | 1 (0.8) | 17 (4.6) | |
| Other | 1 (5) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.9) | 10 (4.2) | 2 (1.6) | 11 (2.9) | |
|
Knowledge of preventing COVID-19 by Wearing face mask, Hand washing, Maintaining social distance Yes No |
14 (70) 6 (30) |
64 (48) 69 (52) |
47 (44) 59 (56) |
75 (31) 165 (69) |
61 (48) 65 (52) |
139 (37) 234 (63) |
8.7 (0.027) |
| Knowledge about meaning of social-distancing? | (N= 20) | (N= 133) | (N= 106) | (N= 240) | (N= 126) | (N= 373) | |
| Avoiding handshake (yes) | 5 (25) | 38 (28) | 17 (16) | 30 (12) | 22 (17) | 68 (18) | |
| Avoiding crowded place (yes) | 9 (45) | 44 (33) | 46 (43) | 113 (47) | 55 (44) | 157 (42) | |
| Avoiding hugs (yes) | 5 (25) | 35 (26) | 11 (10) | 20 (8.3) | 16 (13) | 55 (15) | |
| Maintaining 3-6 ft distance (yes) | 16 (80) | 95 (71) | 86 (81) | 121 (50) | 102 (81) | 216 (58) | |
| Stay in Quarantine (yes) | 2 (10) | 5 (3.8) | 2 (1.9) | 10 (4.2) | 4 (3.2) | 15 (4.0) | |
| Don't know (yes) | 4 (20) | 27 (20) | 8 (7.5) | 66 (27) | 12 (9.5) | 93 (25) | |
| Other | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (1.3) | 0 | 3 (0.8) | |
|
Knowledge about meaning of social-distancing as avoiding crowded place, maintaining 3-6 ft distance Yes No |
8 (40) 12 (60) |
33 (25) 100 (75) |
34 (32) 72 (68) |
65 (27) 175 (73) |
42 (33) 84 (67) |
98 (27) 275 (73) |
6.6 (0.127) |
|
Have knowledge about quarantine? Yes No |
11 (55) 9 (45) |
43 (32) 90 (68) |
28 (26) 78 (74) |
64 (27) 176 (73) |
39 (31) 87 (69) |
107 (29) 266 (71) |
2.06 (0.629) |
|
Have knowledge about isolation? Yes No |
4 (20) 16 (80) |
21 (16) 112 (84) |
16 (15) 90 (85) |
29 (12) 211 (88) |
20 (16) 106 (84) |
50 (13) 323 (87) |
3.86 (0.49) |
| Practice | |||||||
|
Maintain occupational safety guidelines while working? Yes No |
(N=15) | (N=19) | (N=96) | (N=37) | (N= 111) | (N=56) |
-12.3 (0.000) |
|
12 (80) 3 (20) |
16 (84) 3 (16) |
53 (55) 43 (45) |
24 (65) 13 (35) |
65 (59) 46 (41) |
40 (71) 16 (29) |
||
|
Currently using PPE? Yes No |
(N=20) | (N=38) | (N=106) | (N=118) | (N=126) | (N=156) |
6.85 (0.000) |
| 16 (80) 4 (20) |
32 (84) 6 (16) |
100 (94) 6 (6) |
108 (92) 10 (8) |
116 (92) 10 (8) |
140 (90) 16 (10) |
||
|
Frequency of cleaning mask 1 day 2 to 4 days 5 to 7 days 8 or more days |
(N= 3) | (N=11) | (N= 6) | (N=28) | (N= 9) | (N=39) |
12.22 6.66 40 (0.249) |
| 1 (33) 0 1 (33) 1 (34) |
6 (54) 3 (27) 0 2 (18) |
1 (17) 4 (67) 0 1 (16) |
12 (43) 11 (39) 5 (18) 0 |
2 (22) 4 (44) 1 (11) 2 (22) |
18 (46) 14 (36) 5 (13) 2 (5) |
||
|
Wear PPEs while cleaning vehicle Yes No |
(N= 20) | (N=121) | (N= 99) | (N=226) | (N= 119) | (N=347) |
41.74 (0.000) |
| 3 (15) 17 (85) |
1 (0.8) 120 (99) |
12 (12) 87 (88) |
7 (3) 219 (97) |
15 (13) 104 (87) |
8 (2) 339 (98) |
||
| Practices during COVID-19 after returning home | (N= 20) | (N= 133) | (N= 106) | (N= 240) | (N= 126) | (N= 373) | |
| Forbid family members to come close (yes) | 7 (35) | 44 (33) | 32 (30) | 52 (22) | 39 (31) | 96 (26) | |
| Wash hand first (yes) | 13 (65) | 70 (53) | 55 (52) | 54 (22) | 68 (54) | 124 (33) | |
| Wash cloths (yes) | 15 (75) | 76 (57) | 66 (62) | 119 (49) | 81 (64) | 195 (52) | |
| Taking bath with soap (yes) | 19 (95) | 127 (95) | 100 (94) | 220 (92) | 119 (94) | 347 (93) | |
| Do nothing (yes) | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0 | 2 (0.8) | 0 | 3 (0.8) | |
| Others | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 4 (1.7) | 0 | 6 (1.6) | |
|
Practices during COVID-19 after returning home by making distance from family, washing hand, cloth, taking bath Yes No |
4 (20) 16 (80) |
23 (17) 110 (83) |
11 (10) 95 (90) |
19 (8) 221 (92) |
15 (12) 111 (88) |
42 (11) 331 (89) |
1.2 (0.844) |
| Disposal of PPE after use | (N= 20) | (N= 38) | (N= 106) | (N= 118) | (N= 126) | (N= 156) | |
| Burn (yes) | 2 (10) | 1 (2.6) | 15 (14) | 16 (14) | 17 (13) | 17 (11) | |
| Throw away (yes) | 15 (75) | 23 (60) | 45 (42) | 61 (52) | 60 (48) | 84 (54) | |
| Throw in respected bin (yes) | 3 (15) | 11 (29) | 68 (64) | 53 (45) | 71 (56) | 64 (41) | |
| Can't remember (yes) | 0 | 2 (5.3) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (1.7) | 1 (0.8) | 4 (2.6) | |
| Return to office (yes) | 0 | 0 | 3 (2.8) | 6 (5.1) | 3 (2.4) | 6 (3.9) | |
| Others | 0 | 3 (7.9) | 2 (1.9) | 6 (5.1) | 2 (1.6) | 9 (5.8) | |
|
Practices of disposing PPE by burning, throwing in designated bin yes No |
(N= 20) | (N= 133) | (N= 106) | (N= 240) | (N= 126) | (N= 373) | |
|
5 (25) 15 (75) |
12 (9) 121 (91) |
77 (73) 29 (27) |
63 (26) 177 (74) |
82 (65) 44 (35) |
75 (20) 298 (80) |
39.36 (0.001) |
|
| Attitude | |||||||
|
Perceived problems with PPE Yes No |
(N= 20) | (N= 38) | (N= 106) | (N= 118) | (N= 126) | (N= 156) |
6.45 (0.275) |
| 4 (20) 16 (80) |
10 (26) 28 (74) |
64 (60) 42 (40) |
64 (54) 54 (46) |
68 (54) 58 (46) |
74 (47) 82 (53) |
||
|
Satisfaction level with the quality of PPE Very satisfied Moderately satisfied Neutral Dis-satisfied Very dissatisfied |
(N= 20) | (N= 38) | (N= 106) | (N= 118) | (N= 126) | (N= 156) | |
| 3 (15) 13 (65) 2 (10) 2 (10) 0 |
9 (24) 24 (63) 5 (13) 0 0 |
28 (26) 53 (50) 12 (11) 9 (8) 4 (4) |
21 (18) 56 (47) 22 (19) 17 (14) 2 (2) |
31(25) 66(52) 14(1) 11 (9) 4 (3) |
30 (19) 80 (51) 27 (17) 17 (11) 2 (1) |
-15.85 (0.368) | |
|
Job facilities Yes No |
3 (15) 17 (85) |
0 (0) 133 (100) |
9 (8.49) 97 (92) |
4 (1.7) 236 (98) |
12 (9.52) 114 (90) |
4 (1.07) 369 (99) |
51.4 (0.000) |