Table 2.
GBR materials applied in clinical trial or pilot study.
| GBR Material | No. of patient | category of defected bone | Graft materials and covering | Bone regeneration outcomes | Biofunction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Platelet-rich fibrin membrane [108] | 27 | Staged lateral bone block | Grafted with autogenous bone combined with bovine bone mineral | Higher peri-implant marginal bone level and dental implant placement compared to resorbable collagen | Space maintaining, promote proliferation, adhesion, migration of cells and promote vascular regeneration |
| Injectable form of platelet rich fibrin (PRF) [109] | 18 | Horizontal bone defects | Grafted with mixture of particulate autogenous and exogenous and covering with collagen membrane and leukocyte PRF membrane | Promoting vertical and horizontal bone augmentation in maxillary and mandibular regions, permitting sufficient bone gain to future implant placement | Space maintaining, promote proliferation, adhesion, migration of cells and promote vascular regeneration |
| Three-dimensional performed titanium mesh [110] | 100 | Non-contained horizontal defects | Covering crosslinking collagen membrane | The mean hard tissue gain was 84.2 ± 21.5% after 6 months | Space maintaining |
| Digital customized titanium mesh [111] | 5 | Horizontal, vertical or combined defects | Grafted with heterologous bone and autologous bone (50:50) Covering collagen membrane | An average horizontal gain of 3.6 ± 0.8 mm and a vertical gain of 5.2 ± 1.1 mm 8 months after surgery | Space maintaining |
| Titanium membrane [112] | 4 | Alveolar ridge augmentation | Grafted with sulfate powder with normal saline, covering autogenous bone grafts | Possessing the ability to induce and guide new bone formation | Space maintaining |
| Ti-reinforced PTFE membranes [113] | 40 | Vertical defects during dental implantation | Dental implants | Hard and soft tissue were stable after 1 year of follow-up, with a peri-implant bone loss less than 1.0 mm in the first year | Space maintaining |
| Ribose cross-linked collagen membranes (RCLC) [114] | 18 | contained and non-contained extraction sockets | For contained sockets, RCLC membranes were positioned across extraction sockets and for non-contained sockets, bones substitute was used to support the membrane | 20 extraction sockets healed uneventfully and all sites receivedstandard-diameter implants (4.1, 4.8, or 5.0 mm) without additional bone augmentation | Space maintaining |
| Mineralized collagen membrane combined with concentrated growth factor (prepared from fresh venous blood of patients) [115] | 29 | Alveolar ridge augmentation | Showing positive impact on reducing postoperative discomforts and new bone formation | Space maintaining, providing powerful biological scaffold with and acts as an integrated reservoir to emit growth factors for accelerating tissue regeneration | |
| Bilayer porous polyethylene membrane (B-PPM) [116] | 30 | Alveolar ridge preservation | Grafted with synthetic bone graft | No significant difference in dimensional changes of alveolar ridge, new bone formation, connective tissue content, and residual bone grafts, and implant stability between B-PPM and e-PTFE membranes | Space maintaining |
| Polyethylene glycol (PEG) Membrane [117] | 117 | Posterior maxilla or mandible with expected buccal bony dehiscence | Grafted with synthetic bone | Supporting bone regeneration at dehiscence-type defects and obtained vertical bone fill with a relative change in defect height of 59.7% | Space maintaining |
| Synthetic PEG membrane [118] | 30 | Alveolar ridge preservation | Grafted with bi-phasic calcium phosphate particulate bone substitute | The mean percentage loss at the labial plate and at the coronal part of sockets was significantly lower when compared with porcine-derived collagen membrane | Space maintaining |