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. 2022 Aug 17;54(8):1067–1075. doi: 10.1038/s12276-022-00829-6

Fig. 1. The effects of oxidative stress on disc cells during IDD pathogenesis.

Fig. 1

Excessive ROS accumulation exerts important effects on the three major types of IVD cells. Oxidative stress induces autophagy, apoptosis, and calcification of EP chondrocytes, while autophagy can act as a protective response to oxidative damage. Oxidative stress promotes cell apoptosis, senescence, ECM degradation, and inflammation response of disc NP cells. Oxidative stress induces cellular senescence, apoptosis, and ferroptosis in disc AF cells.