Table 1.
Functional mechanisms of Nrf2 activation and related signaling pathways in IDD treatment.
| Experimental models | Molecular agents | Signaling pathways | Functional mechanisms | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human NP cells (in vitro) | LncRNA ANPODRT | Keap1/Nrf2 | Inhibit oxidative stress and cell apoptosis | Ref. 27 |
| Mouse NP cells (in vitro) | Exosomal miR-141-3p | Keap1/Nrf2 | Promote cell proliferation and viability, inhibit cell apoptosis, pyroptosis, and inflammation | Ref. 67 |
| Human NP cells (in vitro), rat caudal disc (ex vivo) | Mitoquinone | Keap1/Nrf2 | Inhibit oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and cell apoptosis | Ref. 69 |
| Human NP cells (in vitro) | LncRNA NEAT1, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) | Nrf2/ARE | Inhibit ECM degradation | Ref. 41 |
| Human NP cells (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | Quercetin | Nrf2/NF-κB | Inhibit cell senescence | Ref. 85 |
| Human NP cells (in vitro) | Ulinastatin | Nrf-2/HO-1/NF-κB | Inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and ECM degradation | Ref. 54 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | Cardamonin | Nrf2/NF-κB | Inhibit inflammation and ECM degradation | Ref. 95 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | Sinapic acid | Nrf2/NF-κB | Inhibit apoptosis, inflammation, and ECM degradation | Ref. 70 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro) | Plumbagin | Nrf2/NF-κB | Inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis | Ref. 71 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | TBHQ | Nrf2/Sirt3 | Inhibit oxidative stress and cell apoptosis, promote mitophagy | Ref. 28 |
| Human NP cells (in vitro) | Dimethyl fumarate | Nrf2/HO-1 | Inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, ER stress-associated apoptosis, and ECM degradation | Ref. 55 |
| Human NP cells (in vitro), mouse tail disc (in vivo) | Dimethyl fumarate | Nrf2/HO-1 | Inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation | Ref. 56 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | Luteoloside | Nrf2/HO-1 | Inhibit apoptosis and ECM degradation | Ref. 72 |
| Rabbit NP cells (in vitro) | CDDO-ethyl amide | Nrf2/HO-1 | Inhibit oxidative stress and cell apoptosis | Ref. 73 |
| Human NP cells (in vitro) | Cyanidin-3-glucoside | Nrf2/HO-1 | Inhibit oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ECM degradation | Ref. 57 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro) | Moracin | Nrf-2/HO-1/NF-κB/TGF-β | Inhibit oxidative stress, inflammation, and ECM degradation | Ref. 58 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | Kinsenoside | AKT-ERK1/2-Nrf2 | Inhibit apoptosis, senescence, and mitochondrial impairment | Ref. 74 |
| Mouse NP cells (in vitro), mouse tail disc (in vivo) | Keap1 siRNA | Keap1/Nrf2/p62 | Promote autophagy, inhibit oxidative stress | Ref. 104 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | Wogonin | Nrf2/ARE | Inhibit inflammation and ECM degradation | Ref. 60 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | Acacetin | Nrf2 | Inhibit inflammation and ECM degradation | Ref. 59 |
| Human NP cells (in vitro) | Sulforaphane | Nrf2 | Inhibit cell apoptosis and oxidative stress | Ref. 105 |
| Human NP cells (in vitro) | Lycopene | Nrf2 | Inhibit cell apoptosis and ECM degradation | Ref. 75 |
| Human NP cells (in vitro) | Curcumin and o-Vanillin | Nrf2 | Inhibit cell senescence and ECM degradation | Ref. 82 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | Genistein | Nrf2 | Inhibit cell apoptosis and ECM degradation | Ref. 76 |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | Polydatin | Nrf2 | Inhibit mitochondrial impairment, cell senescence, and ECM degradation | Ref. 87 |
| Human endplate chondrocytes (in vitro), rat tail disc (in vivo) | Polydatin | Nrf2 | Inhibit oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and cell apoptosis | Ref. 45 |
| Mouse cartilage endplate stem cells (in vitro), mouse tail disc (in vivo) | Rapamycin | Keap1/Nrf2 | Inhibit calcification and ECM degradation | Ref. 61 |