TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Deliveries among Pregnant Women with OUD, Overall and by Racial-Ethnic Category, 2011–2017
| Deliveries, No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Total (n=13320) | Non-Hispanic White (n=11635) |
Nonwhite/Hispanica (n=1685) |
| MOUD | |||
| Any MOUD during pregnancy | 7754 (58.2) | 7138 (61.4) | 616 (36.6) |
| Any MOUD 12 weeks after delivery | 6787 (51.0) | 6241 (53.6) | 546 (32.4) |
| Individual factors | |||
| Age at delivery, mean (SD) | 28.3 (4.7) | 28.3 (4.6) | 28.5 (5.1) |
| Medical comorbidities in pregnancy | |||
| Anxiety disorder | 4798 (36.0) | 4228 (36.3) | 570 (33.8) |
| Mood disorder | 6176 (46.4) | 5328 (45.8) | 848 (50.3) |
| Psychiatric disorderb | 376 (2.8) | 244 (2.1) | 132 (7.8) |
| HCV | 4030 (30.3) | 3799 (32.7) | 231 (13.7) |
| HIV | 73 (0.6) | 51 (0.4) | 22 (1.3) |
| Thyroid disorder | 571 (4.3) | 505 (4.3) | 66 (3.9) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 179 (1.3) | 138 (1.2) | 41 (2.4) |
| Asthma | 1930 (15.0) | 1553 (13.4) | 377 (22.4) |
| Gestational diabetes | 846 (6.4) | 734 (6.3) | 112 (6.6) |
| Non-opioid substance use in pregnancy | |||
| Alcohol | 942 (7.1) | 765 (6.6) | 177 (10.5) |
| Tobacco | 10194 (76.5) | 9052 (77.8) | 1142 (67.8) |
| Polysubstance usec | 7217 (54.2) | 6157 (52.9) | 1060 (62.9) |
| Healthcare access and quality factors | |||
| Days between OUD diagnosis and delivery, mean (SD) | 173.7 (99.4) | 178.4 (98.3) | 141.4 (101.3) |
| Weeks enrolled in Medicaid in pregnancy, mean (SD) | 37.3 (6.1) | 37.3 (6.1) | 37.5 (6.0) |
| Behavioral health visit (1 visit or more) | 5392 (40.5) | 4629 (39.8) | 763 (45.3) |
| Medicaid eligibility category | |||
| Disability-related eligibilityd | 2438 (18.3) | 2089 (18.0) | 349 (20.7) |
| Medicaid expansione | 2949 (22.1) | 2576 (22.1) | 373 (22.1) |
| Pregnancy or parental eligibilityf | 12299 (92.3) | 10806 (92.9) | 1493 (88.6) |
| Community factors | |||
| Unemployment rate | 6.4 (1.6) | 6.3 (1.5) | 6.7 (1.8) |
| Percent in poverty | 14.1 (5.5) | 13.6 (4.9) | 17.9 (7.4) |
| Housing densityg | 44.7 (4.6) | 44.9 (4.7) | 43.2 (3.2) |
| County of residence | |||
| Urbanh | 7603 (57.1) | 6266 (53.9) | 1337 (79.4) |
Includes non-Hispanic Black women, non-Hispanic Asian women, Hispanic women, and Native American women
Defined as any diagnosis of a psychotic disorder or schizophrenia
Defined as any co-occurring diagnosis of substance use during pregnancy other than alcohol, tobacco, or opioid use
Includes enrollees in Healthy Horizons, a Pennsylvania Medicaid program that primarily subsidizes Medicare premiums for elderly individuals and disabled individuals and individuals who are chronically disabled
Refers to Medicaid expansion after 2015
Includes low-income families and qualified pregnant women who meet Pennsylvania Medicaid eligibility criteria
Calculated as the number of housing units per square mile divided by the total population at the county-level based on census data
Urban and rural definitions are based on population density as defined by the Center for Rural Pennsylvania
Abbreviations: OUD, opioid use disorder; MOUD, medication for opioid use disorder; HCV, Hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus