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. 2022 Sep 2;12:14937. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18973-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Functional antibodies transfer early in pregnancy. (A–E) The dot plots depict the univariate level of (A) ADCP, (B) ADNP, (C) antibody mediated NK cell degranulation (NK CD107a), (D) antibody driven NK cell IFNγ secretion, (E) antibody dependent NK cell chemokine MIP1β secretion across Pertussis-, Influenza-, and RSV-specific antigens. (F) The dot plots show the transfer ratios by gestational age, with each dot representing a different antigen and sample set organized by gestational groups (PT: pink and FT: green). Fewer antigens were included for the functional profiling due to sample limitations. Regression coefficients were estimated as 0.08, 0.10, 0.01, − 1.41, and 0.08 for ADCP, ADNP, NK MIP1β, IFNγ, and CD107a expression, respectively. Moreover, the likelihood of transfer ratios surpassing the likelihood of transfer ratio < 1 were calculated at gestational week 36, 41, 63, 36 and 24, respectively. (G) The individual probabilities for ADCP, ADNP, and NK CD107a were plotted and overlaid for comparison. The probability curves for NK IFNγ and MIP1β secretion were excluded since the fitted nominal multinomial logistic regression model was not reliably parameterized. The likelihood of transfer ratio ≥ 1 surpasses the likelihood of transfer ratio < 1 was marked on the graph with hatched lines.