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. 2022 Aug 15;25(9):104947. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104947

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Evaluating cytotoxic effect of varying concentrations of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on cells in 2D and 3D conditions

(A and B) Evaluating the SPIONs cytotoxicity effect on HUVECs in 2D (A) and 3D bioprinted GelMA constructs (B). AlamarBlue reduction was quantified and normalized by the readout at day 1 for each group, as a measure of cell viability and growth (metabolic activity). Study groups included: no SPIONs (control), 100, 200, and 500 μg/mL SPIONs (n = 4 per group).

(C and D) AlamarBlue analysis of NIH3T3 fibroblasts cultured with varying concentrations of SPIONs in 2D (in culture media, C) and 3D bioprinted GelMA constructs (embedded within GelMA, D) (n = 4 per group).

(E and F) Immunohistochemical imaging of 3D bioprinted GelMA scaffolds following 7 days of 3D culture of HUVECs (E) and fibroblasts (F). In panel (E), HUVECs are cytoplasmic GFP positive (green) and DAPI stained nuclei (blue). In panel (F), F-actin (red) and DAPI (blue) staining were used. Scale bars in E and F represent 100 and 200 μm, respectively. ∗ p value < 0.05, ∗∗ p value < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p value < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗ p value < 0.0001. Asterisks in color indicate statistical significance for each group in comparison to the prior time point.