Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all participants in this study (n = 1921)
| Total | Male n = 693 n (%) |
Female n = 1228 n (%) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neck pain | 0.001 | |||
| No | 1122 (58.4) | 439 (63.3) | 683 (55.6) | |
| Yes | 799 (41.6) | 254 (36.7) | 545 (44.4) | |
| Demographic | ||||
| Age groups | 0.179 | |||
| 17-19 years | 1106 (57.6) | 385 (55.6) | 721(58.7) | |
| 20-23 years | 815 (42.4) | 308 (44.4) | 507 (41.3) | |
| BMI | <0.001 | |||
| Underweight | 333 (17.6) | 86 (12.4) | 247 (20.1) | |
| Normal | 1319 (69.2) | 457 (65.9) | 872 (71.0) | |
| Overweight/Obese | 259 (13.7) | 150 (21.6) | 109 (8.9) | |
| Year of study | 0.070 | |||
| First year | 713 (37.1) | 258 (37.2) | 455 (37.1) | |
| Second year | 602 (31.3) | 236 (34.1) | 366 (29.8) | |
| Third year | 606 (31.5) | 199 (28.7) | 407 (33.1) | |
| Behavior-related factors | ||||
| Smoking status | <0.001 | |||
| Never | 1864 (97.0) | 650 (93.8) | 1214 (98.9) | |
| Ex-smoker | 26 (1.4) | 18 (2.6) | 8 (0.7) | |
| Current smoker | 31 (1.6) | 25 (3.6) | 6 (0.5) | |
| Computer usage | <0.001 | |||
| <2 h/day | 1051 (54.7) | 307 (44.3) | 744 (60.6) | |
| ≥ 2 h/day | 870 (45.3) | 386 (55.7) | 484 (39.4) | |
| Smartphone usage | <0.001 | |||
| <6 h/day | 436 (22.7) | 186 (26.8) | 250 (20.4) | |
| ≥ 6 h/day | 1485 (77.3) | 507 (73.2) | 978 (79.6) | |
| Self-study time | 0.018 | |||
| <6 h/day | 1254 (65.3) | 476 (68.7) | 778 (63.4) | |
| ≥ 6 h/day | 667 (34.7) | 217 (31.3) | 450 (36.6) | |
| Sitting habitual neck posture | <0.001 | |||
| Upright | 558 (29.0) | 224 (32.3) | 334 (27.2) | |
|
Slightly flexed (10-20 degrees) |
884 (46.0) | 300 (43.3) | 584 (47.6) | |
|
Sharp flexed (>20 degrees) |
479 (24.9) | 169 (24.4) | 310 (25.2) | |
| Static duration posture | <0.001 | |||
| <1 h | 157 (8.2) | 82 (11.8) | 75 (6.1) | |
| 1-2 h | 1070 (55.7) | 416 (46.0) | 654 (53.3) | |
| >2 h | 694 (36.1) | 195 (28.1) | 499 (40.6) | |
| Leisure time physical activity | <0.001 | |||
| Occasionally | 1267 (66.0) | 322 (46.5) | 945 (77.0) | |
| Regularly, 1-2 times/week | 318 (16.6) | 147 (21.2) | 171 (13.9) | |
| Regularly, ≥3 times/week | 336 (17.5) | 224 (32.3) | 112 (9.1) | |
| Psychological factor | ||||
| Psychological distress | <0.001 | |||
| Low (1-15) | 361 (18.8) | 167 (24.1) | 194 (15.8) | |
| Moderate (16-21) | 584 (30.4) | 212 (30.6) | 372 (30.3) | |
| High (22-29) | 614 (32.0) | 199 (28.7) | 415 (33.8) | |
| Very high (30-50) | 362 (18.8) | 115 (16.6) | 247 (20.1) | |
BMI body mass index