Table 4.

Multivariate analysis of risk factors for neck pain separated by sex (n = 1921)

	Males		Females
	aOR (95% CI)	p value	aOR (95% CI)	p value
Demographic
Age groups
17-19 years	Ref.		-	-
20-23 years	1.19 (0.86-1.63)	0.302	-	-
Behavior-related factors
Self-study time
<6 h/day	Ref.		Ref.
≥ 6 h/day	1.43 (1.02-2.01)	0.039	1.44 (1.13-1.83)	0.003
Sitting habitual neck posture
Upright	-	-	Ref.
Slightly flexed       (10-20 degrees)	-	-	1.57 (0.93-2.66)	0.095
Sharp flexed       (>20 degrees)	-	-	2.19 (1.28-3.74)	0.004
Static duration posture
<1 h	-	-	Ref.
1-2 h	-	-	1.04 (0.78-1.37)	0.812
>2 h	-	-	1.42 (1.02-1.97)	0.036
Leisure time physical activity
Occasionally	Ref.		-	-
Regularly, 1-2 times/week	1.23 (0.82-1.86)	0.313	-	-
Regularly, ≥3 times/week	0.80 (0.55-1.16)	0.238	-	-
Psychological factor
Psychological distress
Low (1-15)	Ref.		Ref.
Moderate (16-21)	2.04 (1.28-3.25)	0.003	1.18 (0.81-1.72)	0.379
High (22-29)	2.37 (1.49-3.79)	< 0.001	2.04 (1.42-2.94)	<0.001
Very high (30-50)	2.97 (1.75-5.02)	< 0.001	2.50 (1.57-3.74)	<0.001

Ref Reference, BMI body mass index, aOR adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI confidence interval