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. 2022 Sep 4;20:389. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03590-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The workflow of this study for designing the epitope-based vaccine against pneumococcus. This research was carried out in three steps, step I, immunoinformatics analysis of the proteins PspC, PhtD, and PsaA for exploring epitope-rich locations. Step II, analysis of PepO as an adjuvant candidate for identifying of potential regions of PepO involved in the interaction with TLR2/4. Step III, design and construction of final epitope-based vaccine for developing a validated construct which could stimulate effective immunity against pneumococcal infections