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. 2022 Sep 3;12:15042. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19148-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Restricted cubic spline regression model between KCL (a) and FSI (b) score and risk of all-cause mortality. The Kihon Checklist (KCL) and Frailty Screening Index (FSI) received a point by every problem with activity or function, and the higher the total score, the greater the difficulty in daily functioning (high frailty). Solid lines represent hazard ratios, and dashed lines represent 95% confidence intervals (CI), and the hazard ratio based on 0 point of both KCL and FSI as reference was calculated. We estimated that p < 0.05 when the 95% CI of the hazard ratio exceeded 1.00, and p ≥ 0.05 when the 95% CI of the hazard ratio did not exceed 1.00. The adjustment factors are age, sex, population density, family structure, economic status, educational attainment, smoking status, alcohol consumption status, sleep time, medication use, and number of chronic diseases.