Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by frailty status.
| Total (n = 10,276) | Frailty status | p-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-frailty (n = 5960) | Physical frailty (n = 223) | Comprehensive frailty (n = 2211) | Combinations (n = 1882) | ||||||||
| Age [years]a | 73.9 | (6.8) | 71.8 | (5.3) | 72.0 | (5.4) | 76.0 | (7.3) | 78.5 | (7.7) | < 0.001 |
| Women [n (%)]b | 5580 | (54.3) | 3041 | (51.0) | 121 | (54.3) | 1289 | (58.3) | 1129 | (60.0) | < 0.001 |
| PD ≥ 1000 people/km2 [n (%)]b | 4633 | (45.1) | 2772 | (46.5) | 94 | (42.2) | 968 | (43.8) | 799 | (42.5) | 0.006 |
| Living alone [n (%)]b | 1287 | (12.5) | 691 | (11.6) | 23 | (10.3) | 272 | (12.3) | 301 | (16.0) | < 0.001 |
| HSES [n (%)]b | 3339 | (32.5) | 2200 | (36.9) | 73 | (32.7) | 619 | (28.0) | 447 | (23.8) | < 0.001 |
| Education ≥ 13 y [n (%)]b | 2103 | (20.5) | 1414 | (23.7) | 59 | (26.5) | 339 | (15.3) | 291 | (15.5) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker [n (%)]b | 1126 | (11.0) | 692 | (11.6) | 25 | (11.2) | 209 | (9.5) | 200 | (10.6) | 0.002 |
| Alcohol drinker [n (%)]b | 6482 | (63.1) | 4102 | (68.8) | 156 | (70.0) | 1283 | (58.0) | 941 | (50.0) | < 0.001 |
| Sleep time [min/day]a | 412 | (94) | 403 | (72) | 400 | (81) | 420 | (103) | 431 | (135) | < 0.001 |
| No medication [n (%)]b | 2104 | (20.5) | 1524 | (25.6) | 39 | (17.5) | 342 | (15.5) | 199 | (10.6) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension [n (%)]b | 3894 | (37.9) | 2161 | (36.3) | 96 | (43.0) | 895 | (40.5) | 742 | (39.4) | 0.001 |
| Stroke [n (%)]b | 476 | (4.6) | 138 | (2.3) | 5 | (2.2) | 175 | (7.9) | 158 | (8.4) | < 0.001 |
| Heart disease [n (%)]b | 1275 | (12.4) | 524 | (8.8) | 32 | (14.3) | 329 | (14.9) | 390 | (20.7) | 0.006 |
| Diabetes [n (%)]b | 1108 | (10.8) | 546 | (9.2) | 24 | (10.8) | 274 | (12.4) | 264 | (14.0) | 0.087 |
| Hyperlipidaemia [n (%)]b | 924 | (9.0) | 580 | (9.7) | 21 | (9.4) | 181 | (8.2) | 142 | (7.5) | 0.015 |
| Digestive disease [n (%)]b | 499 | (4.9) | 167 | (2.8) | 18 | (8.1) | 132 | (6.0) | 182 | (9.7) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory disease [n (%)]b | 824 | (8.0) | 357 | (6.0) | 28 | (12.6) | 200 | (9.0) | 239 | (12.7) | < 0.001 |
| Urological diseases [n (%)]b | 646 | (6.3) | 265 | (4.4) | 14 | (6.3) | 155 | (7.0) | 212 | (11.3) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer [n (%)]b | 367 | (3.6) | 145 | (2.4) | 10 | (4.5) | 86 | (3.9) | 126 | (6.7) | < 0.001 |
| No. of chronic diseasesa,c | 0.9 | (1.0) | 0.8 | (0.9) | 1.1 | (1.0) | 1.1 | (1.0) | 1.3 | (1.2) | < 0.001 |
Data for participants with missing values were imputed by multiple imputation: family structure (n = 675); socioeconomic status (n = 395); education (n = 1139); smoking status (n = 257); alcohol status (n = 230); sleep time (n = 536); medications (n = 657).
HSES high socioeconomic status, PD population density.
aContinuous variables were shown in terms of mean with standard deviation and were analysed using variance analysis.
bCategory variables were shown in terms of the number of cases with percentage and were analysed using the Pearson's Chi-square test.
cFrom the data obtained on disease status (including the presence of hypertension, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, digestive disease, respiratory disease, urological diseases, and cancer), the comorbidity scores were summed to obtain a total score ranging from 0 (no comorbidity) to 9 (poor status)19.