Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Sep 4;20:388. doi: 10.1186/s12967-022-03607-0

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — Irradiated GBM cell-derived exosomes reduced their phagocytic capacity by inducing the M2 polarization of microglia. A The sketch map showed that GBM and HMC-3 were implanted in the co-culture system. B A phagocytosis assay proved that 2 Gy irradiation significantly decreased the phagocytic capability of HMC3 cells in the U251–HMC3 co-culture system. C A phagocytosis assay proved that 2 Gy irradiation significantly decreased the phagocytic capability of HMC3 cells in the U87–HMC3 co-culture system. D Exosomes from irradiated U251 cells significantly decreased the phagocytic capability of HMC3 cells. E Exosomes from irradiated U87 cells significantly decreased the phagocytic capability of HMC3 cells. F RT-PCR demonstrated that TGFβ, CCL2, IL-1, IL-10, and CD163 expression increased in HMC3 cells that phagocytized exosomes from irradiated GBM cells, whereas TNFα expression decreased. The opposite results were observed in HMC3 cells that phagocytized exosomes from non-irradiated GBM cells. G In 12 pairs of GBM tissues including primary and recurrent GBM, immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expression of CD163, which is a marker of M2 polarization, significantly increased in recurrent GBM. H Three representative pathological cases