Table 1.

Characteristics of the participants

Parameters	CKD (n = 100)	HC (n = 100)	P value
Age (yr)	58.18 ± 15.53	60.84 ± 15.36	0.300
Duration (yr)	3.96 ± 4.17	NA	NA
Men (n%)	40 (40.00)	40 (40.00)	1.000
Body mass index (kg/m2)	24.96 ± 3.90	24.84 ± 2.59	0.827
Co-current disease (n%)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	29 (29.00)	0 (0.00)	< 0.001
Hypertension	64 (64.00)	0 (0.00)	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)	53.44 ± 40.32	104.57 ± 17.90	< 0.001
Serum urea (mmol/L)	13.39 ± 11.39	5.41 ± 1.65	< 0.001
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	216.91 ± 206.60	60.19 ± 12.26	< 0.001
Serum uric acid (umol/L)	425.56 ± 132.15	294.79 ± 89.35	< 0.001
Urine protein (n%)			< 0.001
Negative	48 (48.00)	100 (0.00)
Positive 1 plus	23 (23.00)	0 (0.00)
Positive 2 plus	21 (21.00)	0 (0.00)
Positive 3 plus	8 (8.00)	0 (0.00)
Urine creatinine (mmol/L)	6.61 ± 2.86	4.40 ± 1.91	< 0.001
24 h urine protein (mg/dL)	2797.04 ± 2474.04	2664.90 ± 255.98	0.867
HbA1c (%)	6.26 ± 1.23	6.29 ± 0.60	0.858
FBG (mmol/L)	5.95 ± 3.21	5.76 ± 2.23	0.691
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	148.91 ± 22.48	128.52 ± 14.01	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	84.54 ± 12.84	77.53 ± 9.04	< 0.001
Ig A (g/L)	2.59 ± 1.12	2.47 ± 0.82	0.462
Ig G (g/L)	10.93 ± 3.80	10.98 ± 1.40	0.652
Ig M (g/L)	1.21 ± 0.95	1.18 ± 0.53	0.982
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	6.63 ± 11.11	2.36 ± 3.10	0.003
Completement 3 (g/L)	0.81 ± 0.23	0.98 ± 0.16	< 0.001
Completement 4 (g/L)	0.19 ± 0.03	0.24 ± 0.08	< 0.001
Serum κ FLC (g/L)	8.93 ± 3.12	3.09 ± 0.72	< 0.001
Serum λ FLC (g/L)	4.70 ± 1.50	1.77 ± 0.46	< 0.001
ASO			< 0.001
ASOPOS (n%)	58 (58.00)	0 (0 .00)
ASONEG (n%)	42 (42.00)	100 (100.00)

Pearson’s Chi-square/Fisher’s exact test was used to compare dichotomous variables, and an independent t-test was used to compare continuous variables

ASONEG antistreptolysin O negative, ASOPOS antistreptolysin O positive, CKD chronic kidney disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, FBG fasting blood glucose, FLC free light chains, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c