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. 2022 Sep 4;23:229. doi: 10.1186/s12931-022-02148-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Distribution of small airway abnormality indicated by markers from CT, IOS and spirometry with age stratification in total subjects. Panel A was for LAA_·856 from CT. Panel B was for R5–R20 from IOS. Panel C was for MMEF, %predicted from spirometry. Panel D was for FEF_·50, %predicted from spirometry. Panel E was for FEF_·75, %predicted from spirometry. Note: Abbreviations: LAA-₈₅₆ = low-attenuation area of the lung with attenuation values below -856 Hounsfield units on full-expiration CT; R5–R20 = the difference from resistance at 5 Hz to resistance at 20 Hz; MMEF, %predicted = maximal mid-expiratory flow of percent predicted; FEF₅₀, %predicted and FEF₇₅, %predicted = forced expiratory flow at 50 and 75 of forced vital capacity of percent predicted