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. 2022 Aug 31;16:2387–2398. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S375938

Table 3.

Main Effects Mixed Logit Model Results (n = 114)

Attributes Coefficient SEa SD SEb
Injection pain (ref: slight pain)
● Very slight pain

2.275***

0.309

1.854***

0.306
Operation steps (ref: manual injection method)
● Auto-injection method

0.667**

0.233

2.078***

0.317
Size (ref: thinner and not easy to hold)
● Thicker and easier to hold

0.614***

0.172

1.150***

0.222
Needle visibility (ref: visible needle)
● Hidden needle

0.506*

0.216

1.752***

0.296
Needle protection (ref: without needle protection)
● With needle protection

0.494**

0.176

1.301***

0.231
Feedback indication (ref: visual indication only)
● Visual, audible and tactile feedback indications

0.488***

0.146

−0.633**

0.236
Out-of-pocket costs −0.050*** 0.009 0.055*** 0.008

Notes: aStandard error of coefficient; bStandard error of SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: ref, reference; SE, standard error; SD, standard deviation.