Table 10.

Pooled and single study results for kinetic, kinematic and muscle activation variables at trunk and pelvis

Variable		Preferred SR versus Increased SR		Preferred SR versus Reduced SR
Kinetics	Peak sacral acceleration	+ 10% [44]	− 0.63 ( − 1.29, 0.02)	− 10% [44]	0.05 ( − 0.59, 0.68)
Kinematics	Average trunk flexion during stance phase	+ 10% [33, 34]	0.00 ( − 0.39, 0.39)
	Average trunk flexion at IC	+ 10% [34]	− 0.01 ( − 0.51, 0.49)
	Peak trunk flexion during stance phase	+ 10% [34]	0.05 ( − 0.45, 0.55)
	Pelvic tilt			− 10% [24]	1.40 (0.70, 2.10)
	Peak contralateral pelvic drop	+ 10% (post 4 weeks) [23]	1.39 (0.48, 2.30)
		+ 10% (post 12 weeks) [23]	1.39 (0.48, 2.30)

SMD ± 95% CI are provided for each percentage increase or decrease in running step rate. SMD ± 95% CI presented in bold are statistically significant

Abbreviations: IC initial contact