Table 2.

Psychological characteristics of COVID-19–related PTSD risk group and control group (N=270)

	COVID-19–related PTSD risk group (N=28)	Control group (N=242)	F	p-value
IES-R
Total score	31.38±7.81	4.78±5.39	430.64	<0.001
Hyperarousal	7.76±3.38	0.81±1.53	303.78	<0.001
Avoidance	9.43±3.11	1.00±1.84	349.82	<0.001
Intrusion	7.86±2.48	1.26±1.82	237.32	<0.001
Sleep & numbness	6.33±3.04	1.74±1.81	105.62	<0.001
BDI-II	12.29±7.72	6.22±7.01	19.41	<0.001
BAI	6.93±5.95	2.65±4.44	21.56	<0.001
PSS	15.36±6.18	10.32±6.79	19.97	<0.001
CD-RISC	63.21±18.42	72.80±17.90	8.48	0.004
RSS	19.29±5.53	22.89±5.90	10.29	0.002
MSPSS	68.32±13.68	74.04±11.13	6.17	0.014
S-scale-A
Total score	30.32±9.78	26.72±8.64	4.92	0.027
Normal	23 (82.1)	214 (88.4)		0.351
Potential risk user	3 (10.7)	16 (6.6)
High-risk user	2 (7.1)	12 (5.0)
AUDIT
Total score	8.89±5.90	6.86±5.26	1.08	0.300
Normal	14 (50.0)	159 (65.7)		0.246
Potential risk user	11 (39.3)	68 (28.1)
High-risk user	3 (10.7)	15 (6.2)
Current suicidal idea	2 (7.1)	10 (4.1)		0.359
Lifetime suicidal idea	10 (35.7)	49 (20.2)		0.061
Lifetime suicide attempt	0 (0)	5 (2.1)		0.999

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). The statistical significance of continuous variables was tested by analysis of covariance after adjusting for age, grade, and smoking status. PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale-Revised; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale; CD-RISC, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; RSS, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale; MSPSS, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; S-scale-A, Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test