TABLE 1.

Summary of early non-model insects and their contribution to olfactory physiology in the last decade.

Specie	Order	Host	Genome a	Contribution	References
Galleria mellonella	Lepidoptera	Beehives	Yes	Advance in understanding inverse sexual communication	Leyrer and Monroe (1973), Mylonakis et al. (2005), Fuchs et al. (2010), Lizana et al. (2020)
				Study model for bacterial and fungal pathogenesis
Spodoptera littoralis	Lepidoptera	Cotton	No	The first comparison of adult and larval olfactory gene repertoires	Poivet et al. (2013), De Fouchier et al. (2017), Bastin-Héline et al. (2019)
				Comprehensive functional characterization of ORs
				Novel lineage of candidate pheromone receptors
Dendrolimus punctatus	Lepidoptera	Pine	Yes	A novel lineage of candidate pheromone receptors	Shen et al. (2020)
Eriocrania semipurpurella	Lepidoptera	Betulaceae	No	A non-ditrysian origin and evolution of pheromone receptors across Lepidoptera	Yuvaraj et al. (2017)
Helicoverpa armigera	Lepidoptera	Cabbage Tobacco	Yes	Sensitivity of an OR regulates optimal mating time, ensuring viability in fecundity	Chang et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2020)
				A leg-biased OBP involved in flight activity
Holotrichia oblita	Coleoptera	Roots (Peanut, Soybean, Corn)	No	Co-expression of OBPs may potentiate the range of odors to which olfactory receptor neurons respond	Deng et al. (2012), Wang et al. (2013)
Hippodamia convergens	Coleoptera	Aphids	No	Olfactory behavior of lady beetles allows identification of prey by sex pheromone (green peach aphid)	Acar et al. (2001)
					Verheggen et al. (2007)
Apocrypta bakeri	Hymenoptera	Ficus hispida	Yes	The first three-dimensional (3D) structure of Orco	Butterwick et al. (2018)
Manduca sexta	Lepidoptera	Tobacco	Yes	The first complete analysis of the antennal transcriptome	Grosse-Wilde et al. (2011)
Acyrthosiphon pisum	Hemiptera	Alfalfa, pea, legumes	Yes	Genomic model system for ecological, developmental and evolutionary studies	Brisson and Stern (2006), Peccoud and Simon (2010)
					Vellichirammal et al. (2016)
Dendroctonus ponderosae	Coleoptera	Pine trees	Yes	The first functionally characterized cytochrome P450 (DponCYP345E2) in insect olfaction	Keeling et al. (2013)

^aBased on NCBI Assembly and InsectGenome databases