Figure 3.

 A summary of what we know about VSG, bile acids, and gut microbiota. After VSG in mice, bile acid receptor TGR5 in the ileum and brown adipose tissue is activated, and subsequently leads to increased energy expenditure and decrease in body weight (109). Total serum bile acids is increased after VSG, and intestinal lipid uptake is decreased. The downregulation of CYP8B1 after VSG leads to a decrease the ratio of 12α-OH and non-12α-OH bile acids. Finally, the gut microbiota profile is shifted after VSG; but the precise relationship between VSG and gut microbiota needs further investigation. (Created with BioRender.com).