Table 1.
Characteristics of the observations without diabetes.
| Criterions of prediabetes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | IFG (n=3,723) | IGT (n=2,592) | Elevated HbA1c (n=2,293) | Prediabetes a (n=5,713) | Normal b (n=4,066) | Total (n=9,779) |
| Studies, n (%) | ||||||
| Baseline (2017) | 2,305 (61.91) | 1,140 (43.98) | 901 (39.29) | 2,838 (49.68) | 1,493 (36.72) | 4,331 |
| Follow-up 1 (2018) | 828 (22.24) | 723 (27.89) | 424 (18.49) | 1,369 (23.96) | 1,449 (35.63) | 2,818 |
| Follow-up 2 (2020) | 590 (15.85) | 729 (28.12) | 968 (42.22) | 1,506 (26.36) | 1,124 (27.64) | 2,630 |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age (y), n (%) | ||||||
| <50 | 1,081 (29.04) | 693 (26.74) | 439 (19.14) | 1,586 (27.76) | 1,625 (39.97) | 3,211 |
| 50–59 | 1,595 (42.84) | 1,075 (41.47) | 1,091 (47.58) | 2,466 (43.17) | 1,615 (39.72) | 4,081 |
| ≥60 | 1,047 (28.12) | 824 (31.79) | 763 (33.28) | 1661 (29.07) | 826 (20.31) | 2,487 |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 1,628 (43.73) | 905 (34.92) | 852 (37.16) | 2,283 (39.96) | 1,386 (34.09) | 3,669 |
| Female | 2,095 (56.27) | 1,687 (65.08) | 1,441 (62.84) | 3,430 (60.04) | 2,680 (65.91) | 6,110 |
| Education level, n (%) | ||||||
| Junior high school or below | 3,178 (85.36) | 2,244 (86.57) | 1,998 (87.13) | 4,910 (85.94) | 3,376 (83.03) | 8,286 |
| Senior high school or above | 545 (14.64) | 348 (13.43) | 295 (12.87) | 803 (14.06) | 690 (16.97) | 1493 |
| Equivalent household income | ||||||
| Low | 1,243 (33.39) | 879 (33.91) | 797 (34.76) | 1,907 (33.38) | 1,214 (29.86) | 3,121 |
| Moderate | 1,358 (36.48) | 994 (38.35) | 869 (37.90) | 2,129 (37.27) | 1,448 (35.61) | 3,577 |
| High | 1,122 (30.14) | 719 (27.74) | 627 (27.34) | 1,677 (29.35) | 1,404 (34.53) | 3,081 |
| Drug history, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 2,554 (68.60) | 1,689 (65.16) | 1,512 (65.94) | 3,951 (69.16) | 3,266 (80.32) | 7,217 |
| Yes | 1,169 (31.40) | 903 (34.84) | 781 (34.06) | 1,762 (30.84) | 800 (19.68) | 2,562 |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 2,926 (78.59) | 1,967 (75.89) | 1,776 (77.45) | 4,461 (78.08) | 3,245 (79.81) | 7,706 |
| Yes | 654 (17.57) | 491 (18.94) | 439 (19.15) | 1,010 (17.68) | 646 (15.89) | 1,656 |
| Unclear | 143 (3.84) | 134 (5.17) | 78 (3.40) | 242 (4.24) | 175 (4.30) | 417 |
| Behavioral characteristics | ||||||
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 2,758 (74.08) | 2,031 (78.36) | 1,750 (76.32) | 4,339 (75.95) | 3,248 (79.88) | 7,587 |
| Current smoker | 787 (21.14) | 455 (17.55) | 449 (19.58) | 1,135 (19.87) | 723 (17.78) | 1,858 |
| Ex-smoker | 178 (4.78) | 106 (4.09) | 94 (4.10) | 239 (4.18) | 95 (2.34) | 334 |
| Drinking status, n (%) c | ||||||
| Ever | 1,112 (29.90) | 640 (24.71) | 533 (23.24) | 1,522 (26.66) | 817 (20.10) | 2,339 |
| Never | 2,607 (70.10) | 1,950 (75.29) | 1,760 (76.76) | 4,187 (73.34) | 3,248 (79.90) | 7,435 |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 1,438 (38.62) | 1,096 (42.28) | 842 (36.72) | 2,252 (39.42) | 1,869 (45.97) | 4,121 |
| No | 2,285 (61.38) | 1,496 (57.72) | 1,451 (63.28) | 3,461 (60.58) | 2,197 (54.03) | 5,658 |
| Clinical and biochemical characteristics | ||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) d | ||||||
| No | 2,178 (58.63) | 1,421 (54.89) | 1,287 (56.27) | 3,377 (59.25) | 2,981 (73.68) | 6,358 |
| Yes | 1,537 (41.37) | 1,168 (45.11) | 1,000 (43.73) | 2,323 (40.75) | 1,065 (26.32) | 3,388 |
| TC (mmol/L), n (%) | ||||||
| Above desirable (<5.2) | 2,522 (67.74) | 1,735 (66.94) | 1,501 (65.46) | 3,936 (68.90) | 3,282 (80.72) | 7,218 |
| Borderline high (5.2–6.1) | 945 (25.38) | 662 (25.54) | 609 (26.56) | 1,386 (24.26) | 661 (16.26) | 2,047 |
| High (≥6.2) | 256 (6.88) | 195 (7.52) | 183 (7.98) | 391 (6.84) | 123 (3.02) | 514 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L), n (%) | ||||||
| Desirable (<2.6) | 1,837 (49.34) | 1,227 (47.34) | 1,028 (44.83) | 2,837 (49.66) | 2,493 (61.31) | 5,330 |
| Above desirable (2.6–3.3) | 1,398 (37.55) | 1,010 (38.97) | 904 (39.42) | 2,149 (37.61) | 1,262 (31.04) | 3,411 |
| Borderline high (3.4–4.0) | 395 (10.61) | 292 (11.27) | 294 (12.82) | 590 (10.33) | 258 (6.35) | 848 |
| High (≥4.1) | 93 (2.50) | 63 (2.43) | 67 (2.92) | 137 (2.40) | 53 (1.30) | 190 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L), n (%) | ||||||
| Normal (≥1.0) | 3,500 (94.01) | 2,416 (93.21) | 2,176 (94.90) | 5,373 (94.05) | 3,849 (94.66) | 9,222 |
| Low (<1.0) | 223 (5.99) | 176 (6.79) | 117 (5.10) | 340 (5.95) | 217 (5.34) | 557 |
| TG (mmol/L), n (%) | ||||||
| Above desirable (<1.7) | 2,272 (61.03) | 1,428 (55.09) | 1,459 (63.63) | 3,524 (61.68) | 3,011 (74.05) | 6,535 |
| Borderline high (1.7–2.2) | 669 (17.97) | 535 (20.64) | 396 (17.27) | 1,026 (17.96) | 515 (12.67) | 1,541 |
| High (≥2.3) | 782 (21.00) | 629 (24.27) | 438 (19.10) | 1,163 (20.36) | 540 (13.28) | 1,703 |
| Anthropometric characteristics | ||||||
| WC (cm), n (%) | ||||||
| Normal | 1,759 (47.25) | 1,029 (39.70) | 1,056 (46.05) | 2,653 (46.44) | 2,261 (55.61) | 4,914 |
| Non-standard | 1,964 (52.75) | 1,563 (60.30) | 1,237 (53.95) | 3,060 (53.56) | 1,805 (44.39) | 4,865 |
| WHtR, n (%) | ||||||
| <0.5 | 1,032 (27.72) | 580 (22.38) | 675 (29.44) | 1,598 (27.97) | 1,565 (38.49) | 3,163 |
| ≥0.5 | 2,691 (72.28) | 2,012 (77.62) | 1,618 (70.56) | 4,115 (72.03) | 2,501 (61.51) | 6,616 |
| WHR, n (%) | ||||||
| Normal | 1,169 (31.40) | 665 (25.66) | 706 (30.79) | 1,799 (31.49) | 1,725 (42.42) | 3,524 |
| Non-standard | 2,554 (68.60) | 1,927 (74.34) | 1,587 (69.21) | 3,914 (68.51) | 2,341 (57.58) | 6,255 |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | ||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 33 (0.89) | 22 (0.85) | 30 (1.31) | 68 (1.19) | 85 (2.09) | 153 |
| Normal (18.5–23.9) | 1,184 (31.80) | 732 (28.24) | 729 (31.79) | 1,863 (32.61) | 1,795 (44.15) | 3,658 |
| Overweight (24.0–27.9) | 1,686 (45.29) | 1,145 (44.17) | 1,018 (44.40) | 2,555 (44.72) | 1,645 (40.46) | 4,200 |
| Obesity (≥28.0) | 820 (22.03) | 693 (26.74) | 516 (22.50) | 1227 (21.48) | 541 (13.30) | 1,768 |
| PI (kg/m3), n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<14.12) | 755 (20.28) | 415 (16.01) | 484 (21.11) | 1,196 (20.94) | 1,242 (30.55) | 2,438 |
| Q2 (14.12–15.21) | 912 (24.50) | 568 (21.91) | 490 (21.37) | 1,357 (23.75) | 1,100 (27.05) | 2,457 |
| Q3 (15.52–17.05) | 966 (25.94) | 681 (26.28) | 631 (27.52) | 1,503 (26.31) | 947 (23.29) | 2,450 |
| Q4 (≥17.06) | 1,090 (29.28) | 928 (35.80) | 688 (30.00) | 1,657 (29.00) | 777 (19.11) | 2,434 |
| CI (m3/2·kg1/2), n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<43.10) | 728 (19.55) | 464 (17.90) | 509 (22.19) | 1,196 (20.94) | 1,268 (31.18) | 2,464 |
| Q2 (43.10–48.49) | 864 (23.21) | 578 (22.30) | 547 (23.86) | 1,353 (23.68) | 1,044 (25.68) | 2,397 |
| Q3 (48.50–54.49) | 1,011 (27.16) | 697 (26.89) | 576 (25.12) | 1,501 (26.27) | 956 (23.51) | 2,457 |
| Q4 (≥54.50) | 1,120 (30.08) | 853 (32.91) | 661 (28.83) | 1,663 (29.11) | 798 (19.63) | 2,461 |
| RFM, n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<27.04) | 1,023 (27.48) | 498 (19.21) | 553 (24.12) | 1,429 (25.01) | 1,008 (24.79) | 2,437 |
| Q2 (27.04–34.17) | 916 (24.60) | 607 (23.42) | 531 (23.16) | 1,387 (24.28) | 1,058 (26.02) | 2,445 |
| Q3 (34.18–39.00) | 786 (21.11) | 626 (24.15) | 561 (24.46) | 1,328 (23.25) | 1,120 (27.55) | 2,448 |
| Q4 (≥39.00) | 998 (26.81) | 861 (33.22) | 648 (28.26) | 1,569 (27.46) | 880 (21.64) | 2,449 |
| AVI (L), n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<12.21) | 755 (20.28) | 467 (18.02) | 538 (23.46) | 1,221 (21.37) | 1,224 (30.10) | 2,445 |
| Q2 (12.21–14.19) | 867 (23.29) | 603 (23.26) | 535 (23.33) | 1,360 (23.81) | 1,058 (26.02) | 2,418 |
| Q3 (14.20–16.40) | 999 (26.83) | 691 (26.66) | 582 (25.38) | 1,490 (26.08) | 981 (24.13) | 2,471 |
| Q4 (≥16.40) | 1,102 (29.60) | 831 (32.06) | 638 (27.83) | 1,642 (28.74) | 803 (19.75) | 2,445 |
| LAP (cm·mmol/L), n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<17.81) | 772 (20.73) | 387 (14.93) | 502 (21.89) | 1,185 (20.74) | 1,258 (30.94) | 2,443 |
| Q2 (17.81–30.74) | 854 (22.94) | 530 (20.45) | 527 (22.98) | 1,314 (23.00) | 1,132 (27.84) | 2,446 |
| Q3 (30.75–52.13) | 988 (26.54) | 727 (28.05) | 616 (26.87) | 1,530 (26.78) | 913 (22.45) | 2,443 |
| Q4 (≥52.14) | 1,109 (29.79) | 948 (36.57) | 648 (28.26) | 1,684 (29.48) | 763 (18.77) | 2,447 |
| VAI, n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<0.95) | 896 (24.06) | 434 (16.74) | 511 (22.28) | 1,296 (22.69) | 1149 (28.26) | 2445 |
| Q2 (0.95–1.46) | 864 (23.21) | 553 (21.34) | 550 (23.99) | 1,338 (23.42) | 1107 (27.23) | 2445 |
| Q3 (1.47–2.35) | 918 (24.66) | 706 (27.24) | 623 (27.17) | 1,466 (25.66) | 978 (24.05) | 2444 |
| Q4 (≥2.36) | 1,045 (28.07) | 899 (34.68) | 609 (26.56) | 1,613 (28.23) | 832 (20.46) | 2,445 |
| CVAI, n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<66.50) | 751 (20.17) | 374 (14.43) | 415 (18.10) | 1,115 (19.52) | 1,331 (32.73) | 2,446 |
| Q2 (66.50–92.09) | 868 (23.31) | 556 (21.45) | 546 (23.81) | 1,366 (23.91) | 1,072 (26.37) | 2,438 |
| Q3 (92.10–115.59) | 963 (25.87) | 727 (28.05) | 618 (26.95) | 1,511 (26.45) | 937 (23.04) | 2,448 |
| Q4 (≥115.60) | 1,141 (30.65) | 935 (36.07) | 714 (31.14) | 1,721 (30.12) | 726 (17.86) | 2,447 |
| BRI, n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<3.12) | 774 (20.79) | 416 (16.05) | 506 (22.07) | 1,202 (21.04) | 1,243 (30.57) | 2,445 |
| Q2 (3.12–3.84) | 889 (23.88) | 585 (22.57) | 546 (23.81) | 1,371 (24.00) | 1,073 (26.39) | 2,444 |
| Q3 (3.85–4.60) | 991 (26.62) | 700 (27.00) | 581 (25.34) | 1,505 (26.34) | 940 (23.12) | 2,445 |
| Q4 (≥4.61) | 1,069 (28.71) | 891 (34.38) | 660 (28.78) | 1,635 (28.62) | 810 (19.92) | 2,445 |
| BAE, n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<26.88) | 974 (26.16) | 464 (17.90) | 480 (20.93) | 1,363 (23.86) | 1,082 (26.61) | 2,445 |
| Q2 (26.88–33.45) | 928 (24.93) | 600 (23.15) | 532 (23.20) | 1,385 (24.24) | 1,057 (25.99) | 2,442 |
| Q3 (33.46–38.16) | 789 (21.19) | 621 (23.96) | 571 (24.91) | 1,343 (23.51) | 1,103 (27.13) | 2,446 |
| Q4 (≥38.17) | 1,032 (27.72) | 907 (34.99) | 710 (30.96) | 1,622 (28.39) | 824 (20.27) | 2,446 |
| Anthropometric prediction equation e | ||||||
| Lean body mass (kg), n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<34.70) | 764 (20.52) | 608 (23.45) | 526 (22.94) | 1,282 (22.44) | 1,143 (28.11) | 2,425 |
| Q2 (34.70–38.79) | 845 (22.70) | 672 (25.93) | 594 (25.91) | 1,388 (24.30) | 1,089 (26.78) | 2,477 |
| Q3 (38.80–47.89) | 978 (26.27) | 657 (25.35) | 580 (25.29) | 1,477 (25.85) | 953 (23.44) | 2,430 |
| Q4 (≥47.90) | 1,136 (30.51) | 655 (25.27) | 593 (25.86) | 1,566 (27.41) | 881 (21.67) | 2,447 |
| Fat mass (kg), n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<17.80) | 891 (23.93) | 455 (17.55) | 511 (22.29) | 1,314 (23.00) | 1,133 (27.87) | 2,447 |
| Q2 (17.80–21.75) | 869 (23.35) | 577 (22.26) | 500 (21.81) | 1,332 (23.31) | 1,112 (27.35) | 2,444 |
| Q3 (21.76–25.70) | 935 (25.11) | 685 (26.43) | 605 (26.38) | 1,456 (25.49) | 985 (24.22) | 2,441 |
| Q4 (≥25.71) | 1,028 (27.61) | 875 (33.76) | 677 (29.52) | 1,611 (28.20) | 836 (20.56) | 2,447 |
| Percent fat (%), n (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (<27.30) | 1,053 (28.28) | 522 (20.14) | 568 (24.77) | 1,460 (25.55) | 982 (24.15) | 2,442 |
| Q2 (27.30–35.99) | 876 (23.53) | 568 (21.91) | 473 (20.63) | 1,328 (23.25) | 1,118 (27.50) | 2,446 |
| Q3 (36.00–39.29) | 777 (20.87) | 598 (23.07) | 553 (24.12) | 1,313 (22.98) | 1,137 (27.96) | 2,450 |
| Q4 (≥39.30) | 1,017 (27.32) | 904 (34.88) | 699 (30.48) | 1,612 (28.22) | 829 (20.39) | 2,441 |
Data were presented as number (percentage) for categorical variables.
a
Prediabetes: IFG or IGT or elevated HbA1c.
b
Normal: without IFG, IGT, or elevated HbA1c.
c
Five missing value in this characteristic.
d
Thirty-three missing value in this characteristic.
e
Lean body mass, fat mass, and percent fat were derived from a validated anthropometric prediction equation.
IFG, impaired fasting glucose; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; IQR, interquartile range; WC, waist circumference; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; BMI, body mass index; PI, ponderal index; CI, conicity index; RFM, relative fat mass; AVI, abdominal volume index; LAP, lipid accumulation product; VAI, visceral adiposity index; CVAI, Chinese visceral adiposity index; BRI, body roundness index; BAE, body adiposity estimator.