Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics.
| HC (n = 44) | MCI (n = 63) | AD (n = 60) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (f) | 24 (54.5%) | 29 (46%) | 36 (60%) | p = 0.294 |
| Age | 61.2 (55.8, 69.5) | 69.9 (59.3, 77.8) | 69 (61.3, 75) | p < 0.01 |
| MMSE | n.a. | 27 (25, 28) | 20 (14, 23) | p < 0.001 |
| APOE4 carrier n/ total n (%) | 12/36 (33.3%) | 22/54 (40.7%) | 33/53 (62.3%) | p < 0.05 |
| CSF Aβ42 (pg/ml)* | n.a. | 354 (248, 479.5) | 332.5 (231.8, 454.8) | p = 0.322 |
| CSF tTau (pg/ml)* | n.a. | 310 (188, 504.5) | 600.5 (404.3, 1106.8) | p < 0.001 |
| CSF pTau (pg/ml)* | n.a. | 53 (33.5, 79.5) | 77.5 (51.3, 96.3) | p < 0.05 |
| CSF IATI (pg/ml)* | n.a. | 0.6 (0.3, 0.8) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | p < 0.001 |
| Amyloid-PET positivity n/total n (%) | n.a. | 23/39 (59%) | 39/41 (95.1%) | p < 0.001 |
| Amyloid positivity n/total n (%)** | n.a. | 29/46 (63%) | 47/49 (95.9%) | p < 0.001 |
| Plasma NfL (pg/ml) | 8.1 (5.9, 12.2) | 12. 9 (8.5, 20.4) | 15.5 (11.8, 23.2) | p < 0.001 |
| Plasma GFAP (pg/ml) | 79 (53.7, 120.6) | 167.5 (93.8, 256.3) | 181.9 (129.6, 269.6) | p < 0.001 |
| CSF NfL (pg/ml)*** | 584.1 (449.6, 832.8) | 807.7 (507.7, 1103.2) | 1,559 (1026.6, 2513.9) | p < 0.001 |
| CSF GFAP (pg/ml)*** | 11,145.3 (6980.5, 14373.8) | 8,946.2 (7028.8, 13842.7) | 13,663.5 (9945.4, 21059.1) | p < 0.01 |
Data are presented as the median and interquartile range (IQR, 25th–75th percentile) or n (%). Demographic and clinical differences were measured using the Kruskal-Wallis test or the chi-square tests as appropriate. *CSF AD biomarkers (Aβ42, tTau, pTau, IATI) were available for 75 patients (37 MCI, 38 AD). **Amyloid positivity was defined by CSF IATI <1 pg/ml and/or positive amyloid-PET imaging. ***CSF NfL and GFAP levels were analyzed in 103 patients (36 HC, 30 MCI, 37 AD). HC, healthy controls; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; f, female; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; Aβ42, amyloid-beta 42; tTau, total tau; pTau, phosphorylated tau; IATI, Innotest Amyloid Tau Index; NfL, neurofilament light chain; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; n.a., not available; NfL, neurofilament light chain; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein.