Table 3.
Obesity-related clinical and laboratory parameters examined in MHO and MUO children.
| MHO | MUO | p-value | Total n = 193 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 58 | n = 135 | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 11.9 (2.2) | 12.6 (2.1) | 0.03 | 12.4 (2.1) |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||
| Girls | 32 (55.2) | 60 (44.4) | 0.17 | 92 (47.7) |
| Boys | 26 (44.8) | 75 (55.6) | 101 (52.3) | |
| Puberty status, n (%) | ||||
| Prepubertal | 28 (49.1) | 41 (30.8) | 0.02 | 69 (36.3) |
| Pubertal | 29 (50.9) | 92 (69.2) | 121 (63.7) | |
| Adiposity measures | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 28.4 (3.3) | 30.0 (3.9) | < 0.01 | 29.5 (3.8) |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 86.6 (8.5) | 91.3 (9.8) | < 0.01 | 89.9 (9.6) |
| Abdominal obesity (WC > 90th percentile), n (%) | 51 (98.1) | 126 (99.2) | 0.51 | 177 (98.9) |
| Skeletal muscle mass, mean (SD) | 19.5 (5.2) | 21.8 (5.4) | < 0.01 | 21.1 (5.4) |
| Body fat mass, mean (SD) | 26.9 (8.0) | 29.8 (7.9) | 0.02 | 28.9 (8.0) |
| Body fat percentage, mean (SD) | 42.3 (5.1) | 42.3 (4.9) | 0.97 | 42.3 (4.9) |
| Glycaemic measures | ||||
| Fasting insulin (µU/mL), median (q25, q75) | 14.8 (10.2, 23.6) | 17.0 (11.0, 24.7) | 0.24 | 16.7 (10.7, 24.6) |
| HOMA-IR, median (q25, q75) | 3.4 (2.3, 5.3) | 4.0 (2.7, 5.6) | 0.22 | 3.9 (2.4, 5.6) |
| Insulin Resistance, n (%) | 28 (48.3) | 78 (57.8) | 0.16 | 106 (54.9) |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.2 (0.3) | 5.2 (0.3) | 0.43 | 5.2 (0.3) |
| Acanthosis nigricans, n (%) | 28 (49.1) | 87 (65.4) | 0.03 | 115 (60.5) |
| Lipid metabolism | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.67 (0.57) | 4.45 (0.86) | 0.05 | 4.52 (0.79) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 3.20 (0.73) | 3.18 (0.87) | 0.92 | 3.19 (0.83) |
| Apolipoprotein A-1 (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 189.7 (36.2) | 172.3 (34.5) | < 0.01 | 177.2 (35.7) |
| Apolipoprotein B (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 90.4 (20.9) | 96.8 (26.4) | 0.35 | 94.9 (25.1) |
| Pro-inflammatory markers | ||||
| hsCRP (mg/L), median (q25, q75) | 1.6 (0.6, 4.3) | 2.8 (0.7, 5.0) | 0.44 | 2.7 (0.7, 4.7) |
| Uric acid (µmol/L), mean (SD) | 364.7 (65.1) | 389.5 (65.8) | 0.04 | 382.3 (66.3) |
| Adipokines | ||||
| Adiponectin (µg/mL), mean (SD) | 7.1 (2.4) | 5.5 (2.1) | < 0.01 | 5.9 (2.3) |
| Leptin (ng/mL), mean (SD) | 24.8 (11.1) | 25.7 (11.5) | 0.73 | 25.5 (11.3) |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL), median (q25, q75) | 1.7 (1.2, 3.1) | 2.3 (1.6, 3.4) | 0.09 | 2.1 (1.5, 3.3) |
| Liver function marker | ||||
| ALT (U/L), mean (SD) | 13.4 (7.4) | 15.4 (8.5) | 0.12 | 14.8 (8.2) |
| AST (U/L), mean (SD) | 21.3 (7.7) | 20.9 (7.6) | 0.81 | 21.1 (7.6) |
| AST : ALT ratio, mean (SD) | 1.65 (0.66) | 1.49 (0.62) | 0.12 | 1.54 (0.63) |
| NAFLD risk (AST: ALT < 1), n (%) | 8 (14.8) | 23 (18.3) | 0.57 | 31 (17.2) |
| GGT (U/L), mean (SD) | 22.2 (10.9) | 23.6 (9.8) | 0.37 | 23.2 (10.2) |
| Kidney function | ||||
| Serum creatinine (µmol/L), mean (SD) | 75.4 (12.7) | 77.2 (10.9) | 0.42 | 76.7 (11.5) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2), mean (SD) | 72.2 (10.8) | 71.8 (10.5) | 0.66 | 71.6 (9.9) |
| Risk of CKD (eGFR < 75 mL/min/1.73m2), n (%) | 26 (70.3) | 70 (72.9) | 0.76 | 96 (72.2) |
Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) for normally distributed data, median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) for non-normally distributed data or proportion (%) for categorical data. Independent t-test (normally distributed data), Mann-Whitney test (non-normally distributed data) or chi-square test (categorical data) were used to compare differences between MHO and MUO children. MHO, metabolically healthy obese; MUO, metabolically unhealthy obese; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; SD, standard deviation; q25, 25th percentile; q75, 75th percentile