Table 2.
Energy, macronutrient, and micronutrients intake at baseline and at the end of study
| Chitosan | Placebo | P-valueb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | After | P-valuea | Baseline | After | P-valuea | ||
| Energy (kcal/d) | 2181.43 (204.41) | 1896.10 (233.05) | 0.021 | 1961.79 (244.82) | 1887.78 (311.85) | 0.171 | 0.906 |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 276.95 (67.57) | 271.35 (71.01) | 0.754 | 262.18 (78.22) | 262.58 (80.90) | 0.177 | 0.433 |
| Protein (g/d) | 72.51 (19.99) | 69.65 (21.96) | 0.031 | 71.50 (14.40) | 69.78 (15.31) | 0.069 | 0.812 |
| Fat (g/d) | 59.43 (13.94) | 55.65 (16.43) | 0.018 | 55.17 (19.88) | 57.94 (17.75) | 0.254 | 0.812 |
| SFA (g/d) | 20.20 (6.11) | 16.67 (5.49) | < 0.001 | 18.69 (4.97) | 18.41 (5.66) | 0.854 | 0.624 |
| MUFA (g/d) | 19.55 (6.77) | 17.49 (6.79) | 0.053 | 16.87 (6.96) | 17.33 (6.50) | 0.430 | 0.988 |
| PUFA (g/d) | 20.76 (8.88) | 17.58 (8.06) | 0.015 | 19.64 (8.60) | 20.40 (9.03) | 0.629 | 0.319 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 182.14 (81.94) | 175.85 (66.63) | 0.991 | 183.18 (64.99) | 175.46 (67.97) | 0.517 | 0.956 |
| Fiber (g/d) | 17.92 (6.45) | 17.29 (6.88) | 0.094 | 17.74 (8.13) | 17.67 (8.50) | 0.419 | 0.891 |
| Vitamin B12 (mcg/d) | 1.47 (0.90) | 1.41 (0.70) | 0.621 | 1.37 (0.74) | 1.37 (0.78) | 0.894 | 0.415 |
| Folate (mcg/d) | 249.88 (104.34) | 237.25 (97.72) | 0.122 | 280.98 (132.91) | 270.07 (133.81) | 0.035 | 0.466 |
| Magnesium (mg/d) | 207.40 (57.45) | 196.33 (56.41) | 0.469 | 200.38 (75.90) | 200.37 (64.16) | 0.393 | 0.971 |
| Vitamin A (RE) | 945.9 (557) | 1022.9 (162.8) | 0.312 | 894.5 (490.9) | 963.2 (318) | 0.447 | 0.593 |
| Vitamin E (mg/d) | 10.4 (4.9) | 8.3 (6.1) | 0.036 | 11.4 (5) | 9.8 (7.4) | 0.042 | 0.810 |
| Vitamin C(mg/d) | 90.8 (43) | 90.1 (54) | 0.701 | 86.1 (35.3) | 97.6 (33.3) | 0.670 | 0.502 |
| Vitamin D (mcg/d) | 8.7 (6) | 9.1 (3.6) | 0.481 | 8.8 (5.3) | 9.6 (5.7) | 0.268 | 0.471 |
| Selenium (mg/d) | 60.9 (39.1) | 71.8 (34.1) | 0.069 | 68.2 (30.5) | 70.3 (41.7) | 0.109 | 0.482 |
| Zinc (mg/d) | 12.8 (3.3) | 9.7 (2.7) | 0.001 | 9.5 (4.2) | 9.3 (4.8) | 0.802 | 0.059 |
Data are expressed as Mean (SD)
PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid, SFA Saturated fatty acid, MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acid
a P value for within-group comparison of non-parametric quantitative data using Wilcoxon signed-rank test
b P value for between-group comparison of non-parametric quantitative data using Mann–Whitney U-test