Table 3.
Anthropometric characteristics and laboratory markers at baseline and at the end of study
| Chitosan | Placebo | P-valueb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | After | Change | P-valuea | Baseline | After | Change | P-valuea | ||
| Weight (kg) | 56.12 (7.20) | 52.54 (7.07) | −3.58 (2.17) | < 0.001 | 57.67 (9.34) | 57.40 (9.45) | −0.27 (1.85) | 0.252 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.31 (1.79) | 23.70 (1.93) | −1.61 (0.99) | < 0.001 | 24.71 (1.86) | 24.60 (2.05) | −0.10 (0.86) | 0.102 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (Z-score) | 1.52 (0.26) | 1.24 (0.36) | −0.28 (0.19) | < 0.001 | 1.67 (0.32) | 1.65 (0.35) | −0.02 (0.12) | 0.247 | < 0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 88.48 (15.15) | 83.48 (15.18) | −5.00 (3.11) | < 0.001 | 93.40 (16.39) | 92.40 (16.56) | −1.00 (2.37) | 0.011 | < 0.001 |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 96.19 (10.15) | 90.41 (8.81) | −5.77 (6.93) | < 0.001 | 95.26 (9.89) | 94.40 (9.82) | −0.86 (3.92) | 0.237 | 0.131 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.37 (0.89) | 2.13 (0.70) | −0.24 (0.44) | < 0.001 | 2.89 (1.37) | 2.51 (0.93) | −0.38 (0.70) | 0.001 | 0.370 |
| Insulin (μIU/mL) | 23.23 (11.85) | 17.71 (8.44) | −5.51 (7.52) | 0.001 | 22.11 (14.64) | 23.95 (12.49) | 1.84 (11.57) | 0.206 | 0.006 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 182.09 (27.40) | 167.96 (26.22) | −14.12 (13.34) | < 0.001 | 167.90 (21.92) | 163.93 (21.62) | −3.96 (5.39) | < 0.001 | 0.071 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 149.64 (45.70) | 143.96 (40.43) | −5.67 (9.24) | < 0.001 | 125.56 (29.84) | 121.70 (28.54) | −3.86 (5.31) | 0.001 | 0.847 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 43.54 (9.58) | 45.38 (8.53) | 1.83 (4.64) | 0.041 | 43.96 (8.34) | 44.46 (8.16) | 0.50 (1.73) | 0.162 | 0.116 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 114.43 (33.82) | 107.25 (37.06) | −7.18 (10.16) | < 0.001 | 120.60 (26.21) | 115.86 (25.29) | −4.73 (10.16) | 0.016 | 0.714 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 7.55 (4.20) | 9.24 (5.42) | 1.69 (2.13) | < 0.001 | 10.09 (5.32) | 8.93 (3.81) | −1.15 (3.06) | 0.075 | 0.028 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 47.66 (35.13) | 28.25 (20.73) | −19.40 (16.89) | < 0.001 | 50.04 (44.59) | 40.90 (33.80) | −9.26 (26.78) | 0.382 | 0.046 |
| NPY (ng/mL) | 207.56 (123.54) | 165.59 (99.45) | −41.96 (79.34) | 0.009 | 228.24 (155.04) | 233.62 (155.82) | 5.38 (45.99) | 0.910 | 0.278 |
Data are expressed as Mean (SD)
Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, FBG Fasting blood glucose, HDL-C High density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HOMA_IR Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, LDL-C Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, NPY Neuropeptide Y, TC Total cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, WC Waist circumference
a P-values for comparison of within-group differences by Wilcoxon signed-rank test
b P value for between-group comparison using analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), considering baseline values (weight, BMI, WC, TG, TC, physical activity, adiponectin, and energy) as covariate