Table 3.
Results from risk of bias assessment for RCTs (n = 13) and crossover studies (n = 3)
| Author | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of the participants | Blinding of outcome assessment - self-reported outcomes | Blinding of outcomes assessment - objective measures | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Other bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hawk-2007 [158] | + | ? | – | – | ? | + | + | + |
| Hawk-2009-Pilot [159, 165] | ? | NA | – | – | ? | ? | + | N/A |
| Herzog-1991 [160] | ? | – | – | – | – | + | + | – |
| Holt-2016 [114] | + | + | – | ? | + | + | + | N/A |
| Kendall-2018 [63] | + | ? | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Maiers − 2014 [161] | + | + | – | + | + | + | + | ? |
| Maiers-2018 [27] | + | + | – | + | + | ? | ? | ? |
| Malaya-2020 [171] | + | + | – | N/A | + | + | + | + |
| Malaya-2021 [172] | + | ? | – | N/A | + | + | + | + |
| Palgrem-2009 | ? | + | – | N/A | + | + | + | N/A |
| Vining-2020 [46] | + | + | – | – | + | + | + | + |
| Ward-2013 [162] | + | – | – | N/A | + | + | ? | – |
| Ward-2014 [133] | + | – | – | N/A | ? | + | + | – |
Bias assessment for the RCTs and crossover studies identified through the systematic search. Risk of bias assessment with 8 categories for each individual study