. 2015 Oct 19;72(3):394–398. doi: 10.1016/S1808-8694(15)30975-7

Table 1.

Assessment of breathing type according to facial alterations seen at visual inspection.

	Type of breathing
Facial alterations	Nasal		Oral		Whole group		p value⁽²⁾
	N	%	n	%	n	%
Elongated face	2	2,9	14	17,5	16	10,7	p = 0,0037^*
Dropped eyes	1	1,4	32	40,0	33	22,0	p < 0,0001^*
Dark spots underneath the eyes	54	77,1	78	97,5	132	88,0	p < 0,0001^*
Narrow nostrils	-	-	2	2,5	2	1,3	^**
Inadequate lip sealing	4	5,7	47	58,8	51	34,0	p < 0,0001^*
Dry lips	-	-	5	6,3	5	3,3	^**
Hypotonic lips	-	-	19	23,8	19	12,7	^**
Narrow upper lip (thin)	1	1,4	11	13,8	12	8,0	p = 0,0055^*
Anterior open bite	21	30,0	48	60,0	69	46,0	p = 0,0002^*
High palate	2	2,9	31	38,8	33	22,0	p < 0,0001^*

BASE⁽¹⁾	70		80		150

^(*)

– Significant difference at the level of 5.0%.

^(**)

– It was not possible to apply the test because of a null frequence

⁽¹⁾

– Considering that the same child could present more than one facial alteration, only the base is recorded in order to calculate the percentages, and not the whole.

⁽²⁾

– Through the equality between two proportions test in different groups.