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Adapted risk of bias scoring tool.
| Score /24 | Risk of bias | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|
| 17–24 | Low risk of bias | Bias, if present, is unlikely to alter the results seriously |
| 9–16 | Unclear risk of bias | A risk of bias that raises some doubt about the results |
| 0–8 | High risk of bias | Bias may alter the results seriously |
Adapted from Higgins et al. (2011).
