Table 1.

Molecules in clinical trials for pulmonary fibrosis, COVID-19-induced fibrosis, and associated conditions.^a

S. no.	Drug	Indication	Mechanism of action	Status	Clinical trial identifier
Potential molecules for COVID-19-associated fibrosis
1	Pirfenidone	COVID-19-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF)	Inhibits TGFβ	Phase II	NCT04607928
2	Nintedanib	COVID-19-induced PF	Inhibits FGFRs, PDGFRs, and VEGFRs	Phase II	NCT04338802
3	Deupirfenidone (Lyt-100)	COVID-19-induced PF	Inhibits IL6, TNFα, and TGFβ	Phase II	NCT04652518
4	Fuzheng Huayu	COVID-19-induced PF	Inhibits hematopoietic stem cell activation and inflammation	Phase II	NCT04279197
5	Sirolimus	COVID-19 pneumonia or post-COVID fibrosis	Inhibits T lymphocyte activation	Phase II/III	NCT04948203
6	Canrenoate potassium	COVID-19-induced PF	Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist	Phase IV	NCT04912011
7	Longidaze (bovhyaluronidase azoxymer)	COVID-19-induced PF	Hyaluronic acid degradation	NA	NCT04645368
8	Collagen-polyvinylpyrrolidone	Cytokine storm	Decreases inflammation and TGFβ	Phase I/II	NCT04517162
9	Antifibrotic monocyte (MON002)	COVID-19-induced PF	Clears partially degraded collagen fragments	Phase I/II	NCT04805086
10	Treamid	COVID-19 pneumonia	Metal ion chelator	Phase II	NCT04527354
11	Tetrandrine	COVID-19	Calcium channel blocker	Phase IV	NCT04308317
12	Genistein nanoparticles (BIO300)	COVID-19	Inhibits tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase II	Phase II	NCT04482595
Antifibrotic agents under clinical trials
1	HZN-825	IPF, diffuse cutaneous scleroderma	Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 antagonist	Phase II	NCT05032066
2	Pamrevlumab	IPF	Monoclonal antibody against CTGF	Phase III	NCT03955146
3	Taladegib	IPF	Hh pathway inhibitor	Phase II	NCT04968574
4	Lansoprazole	IPF	Proton pump inhibitor	Phase III	NCT04965298
5	TRK-250	IPF	Single-strand long-chain nucleic acid against TGFβ1	Phase I	NCT03727802
6	Inhaled nitric oxide	IPF	Soluble guanylate cyclase activator	Early Phase I	NCT05052229
7	Vismodegib	IPF	Hh inhibitor	Phase I	NCT02648048
8	GLPG1690	IPF	Autotaxin inhibitor	Phase II	NCT02738801
9	N-acetylcysteine	IPF	Antioxidant	Phase III (PRECISIONS trial)	NCT04300920
10	CC-90001	IPF	JNK inhibitor	Phase II	NCT03142191
11	Autoantibody reductive therapy	IPF	Reduces autoantibodies	Phase II	NCT03286556
12	Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells	COPD	Immunomodulation	Phase I	NCT05016817
13	Saracatinib	IPF	Inhibits Src and Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase	Phase II	NCT04598919
14	Belumosudil	Systemic sclerosis	Inhibits ROCK2	Phase II	NCT02688647
15	ORIN1001	IPF	Inhibits IRE1	Phase I	NCT04643769
16	Jaktinib	IPF	Inhibits JAK1–3	Phase II	NCT04312594
17	Morphine	IPF-associated cough	Opioid cough suppressant	Phase III	NCT04429516
18	BMS-986278	IPF	LPA1 antagonist	Phase II	NCT04308681
19	Ifenprodil (NP120)	IPF and associated cough	NMDA antagonist	Phase II	NCT04318704
20	GKT137831	IPF	Inhibits NOX1/4	Phase II	NCT03865927
21	PLN-74809	IPF	Dual-selective inhibitor of αVβ6 and αVβ1	Phase II	NCT04396756
22	GB0139	IPF	Inhibits Galectin-3	Phase II	NCT03832946

^aSource:https://www.clinicaltrials.gov.