Table 3.
– Duration of long-COVID, gender and age are significant regressors of increased GMV in patients.
| Anatomical regions corresponding to clusters of differences in gray matter | R2 | F (df) | significant predictors (unstandardized B, standardized B, significance) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Post-COVID patients < healthy controls | |||
| right lingual gyrus, cerebellum, left lingual gyrus | n.a. | n.a. | No variables were entered into the equation. |
| right lateral occipital lobe, cuneus, lingual gyrus | 0.201 | F(1,25)=6.306, p = 0.019 | MADRS (0.003; 0.449; p = 0.019) |
| Post-COVID patients > healthy controls | |||
| right inferior frontal gyrus, lateral orbital gyrus, insula anterior short gyrus, posterior orbital gyrus, anterior inferior insula | 0.727 | F(1,25)=20.4, p<0.001 | gender (0.11, 0.45 p = 0.001) age (−0.008, −0,8, p<0.001) time since COVID-19 (−0.008, −0.26, p = 0.034) |
| left middle and inferior temporal gyrus, anterior temporal lobe lateral part, superior temporal gyrus anterior part, superior temporal gyrus middle part | 0.713 | F(3,23)=19.07, p<0.001 | gender (0.118, 0,47, p = 0.001) age (−0.008, −0.78, p<0.001) time since COVID-19 (−0.009, −0.275, p = 0.029) |
| right superior middle frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus | 0.734 | F(2,24)=33.1 p<0.001 | gender (0.049, 0,41, p = 0.001) age (−0.004, −0.82, p<0.001) |
| left amygdala, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, insula posterior long gyrus, insula anterior long gyrus | 0.789 | F(2,24)=44.96, p<0.001 | gender (0.093, 0.399, p = p<0.001) age (−0.008, −0.86, p<0.001) |
| left postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus | 0.738 | F(3,23)=21.65, p<0.001 | gender (0.081, 0.51, p<0.001) age (−0.005, −0.78, p<0.001) time since COVID-19 (−0.005, −0.26, p = 0.03) |
| right fusiform gyrus, middle and inferior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal and ambient gyrus, hippocampus, superior temporal gyrus middle part | 0.805 | F(3,23)=14.08, p = 0.001 | gender (0.118, 0.43, p = 0.004) age (−0.009, −0.74, p<0.001) time since COVID-19 (−0.01, −0.3, p = 0.033) |
| left lateral occipital lobe, superior parietal gyrus, angular gyrus | 0.537 | F(2,24)=13.9, p<0.001 | gender (0.063,0.35, p = 0.022) age (−0.005, −0.7, p<0.001) |
| left middle and inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus | 0.549 | F(2,24)=14.62, p<0.001 | gender (0.07, 0.38, p = 0.012) age (−0.006, −0.7, p<0.001) |
| left thalamus, right thalamus, left caudate nucleus | 0.677 | F(2,24)=25.14, p<0.001 | gender (0.095, 0.41, p = 0.002) age (−0.008, −0.78, p<0.001) |
| right amygdala, pallidum, hippocampus, substantia nigra, parahippocampal and ambient gyrus | 0.794 | F(2,24)=46.3, p<0.001 | gender (0.044, 0.41, p<0.001) age (−0.004, −0.86, p<0.001) |
Abbreviations: R2, coefficient of multiple determination, representing the goodness-of-fit for the overall model; F, ratio of the mean sum of squares to the mean square error, df, number of degrees of freedom, p, significance level, unstandardized B, value for the regression equation for predicting the dependent variable from the independent variable. Rows in bold fond indicate clusters with significant associations between time elapsed since COVID-19 and GMV alterations. Anatomical labeling according to Hammers atlas.