Table 2.

Changes in pain, disability, and pain-related psychological status during the 3-month follow-up period.

	Baseline	3 months	P
NRS
Control	5.7 ± 1.8	4.9 ± 2.1	<0.01
Exercise	5.7 ± 1.9	4.3 ± 1.9	<0.0001
PDAS
Control	25.9 ± 10.4	25.5 ± 11.8	0.74
Exercise	27.5 ± 11.1	22.1 ± 10.4	<0.01
PSEQ
Control	25.2 ± 12.4	31.3 ± 13.3	<0.01
Exercise	25.9 ± 11.9	32.1 ± 13.4	<0.01
PCS
Control	33.6 ± 8.5	29.7 ± 11.4	0.02
Exercise	33.3 ± 9.6	28.0 ± 11.9	<0.01

NRS, Numerical Rating Scale of pain; PDAS, Pain Disability Assessment Scale; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale. P, paired t-test.