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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Surg Res. 2022 May 19;278:155–160. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.04.059

Figure 1: Example of a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) of an opioid taper protocol and dependency.

Figure 1:

E indicates the exposure variable, O indicates the outcome of interest, and C indicates a confounding variable.