Table 2.
Procedure-Targeted Variables for Colectomy, Hepatectomy, and Pancreatectomy
| Colectomy | ||
| CPT, n (%) | Colectomy | 28472 (15.7) |
| Colectomy with coloproctostomy | 14051 (7.7) | |
| Colectomy with abdominal and transanal approach | 312 (0.2) | |
| Colectomy with ileocolostomy | 23458 (12.9) | |
| Laparoscopic colectomy | 48250 (26.5) | |
| Laparoscopic colectomy with ileocolostomy | 33206 (18.3) | |
| Laparoscopic colectomy with coloproctostomy | 34096 (18.8) | |
| Indication, n (%) | Acute diverticulitis | 11348 (5.8) |
| Bleeding | 1244 (0.6) | |
| Chronic diverticular disease | 30920 (15.7) | |
| Colon cancer | 75478 (38.4) | |
| Colon cancer w/ obstruction | 8433 (4.3) | |
| Crohn’s Disease | 11641 (5.9) | |
| Enterocolitis (e.g. C. Difficile) | 395 (0.2) | |
| Non-malignant polyp | 18981 (9.7) | |
| Other | 31764 (16.1) | |
| Ulcerative colitis | 846 (0.4) | |
| Volvulus | 5609 (2.9) | |
| Emergent indication, n (%) | Not emergent | 178150 (90.4) |
| Bleeding | 1121 (0.6) | |
| Obstruction | 6904 (3.5) | |
| Other | 2256 (1.1) | |
| Perforation | 6072 (3.1) | |
| Toxic colitis | 948 (0.5) | |
| Pre-operative steroid use, n (%) | 10459 (5.4) | |
| Mechanical bowel prep, n (%) | 109434 (63.9) | |
| Antibiotic bowel prep, n (%) | 81762 (47.1) | |
| Pre-operative chemotherapy, n (%) | 7485 (3.8) | |
| Approach, n (%) | Open (planned) | 55977 (28.4) |
| Laparoscopic | 61348 (31.2) | |
| Laparoscopic w/ open assist | 46797 (23.8) | |
| Laparoscopic w/ unplanned conversion to open | 13803 (7.0) | |
| Robotic | 11531 (5.9) | |
| Robotic w/ open assist | 6283 (3.2) | |
| Robotic w/ unplanned conversion to open | 969 (0.5) | |
| Other | 127 (0.1) | |
| Hepatectomy | ||
| CPT code, n (%) | Hepatectomy, partial lobectomy | 17073 (67.4) |
| Hepatectomy, trisegmentectomy | 2050 (8.1) | |
| Hepatectomy, total left lobectomy | 2274 (9.0) | |
| Hepatectomy, total right lobectomy | 3940 (15.6) | |
| Indication, n (%) | Colorectal metastasis | 8403 (33.1) |
| Other metastasis | 1503 (6.0) | |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 4575 (18.0) | |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 2233 (8.8) | |
| Hepatic adenoma | 1005 (4.0) | |
| Hemangioma | 802 (3.2) | |
| Hepatic cyst | 722 (2.8) | |
| Gallbladder cancer | 655 (2.6) | |
| Focal nodular hyperplasia | 474 (1.9) | |
| Biliary cyst | 416 (1.6) | |
| Hepatic abscess | 190 (0.7) | |
| Other | 4425 (17.4) | |
| Biliary stent placed, n (%) | Yes, endoscopic | 948 (3.8) |
| Yes, percutaneous | 216 (0.9) | |
| Yes, other/unknown | 102 (0.4) | |
| No | 23943 (95.0) | |
| Unknown | 194 (0.8) | |
| Drain placed, n (%) | 11229 (44.3) | |
| Neo-adjuvant systemic chemotherapy, n (%) | 6566 (25.8) | |
| Portal vein embolization, n (%) | 877 (3.5) | |
| Pre-operative intra-arterial infusion, n (%) | 222 (0.9) | |
| Pre-operative ablation, n (%) | 169 (0.7) | |
| Viral hepatitis, n (%) | Hepatitis B | 1124 (4.9) |
| Hepatitis B and C | 133 (0.6) | |
| Hepatitis C | 1670 (7.3) | |
| None | 19677 (86.4) | |
| Other | 158 (0.7) | |
| Approach, n (%) | MIS | 5777 (22.8) |
| MIS w/ conversion | 999 (3.9) | |
| Open (planned) | 18616 (73.3) | |
| Liver texture, n (%) | Cirrhotic | 2461 (9.7) |
| Congested | 468 (1.8) | |
| Fatty | 3229 (12.7) | |
| Fibrosis | 256 (1.0) | |
| Normal | 7030 (27.7) | |
| Unknown | 11959 (47.1) | |
| Number of concurrent partial resections, n (%) | 0 | 12688 (50.7) |
| 1 | 6822 (27.3) | |
| 2 | 3011 (12.0) | |
| 3 or more | 2439 (9.8) | |
| Pancreatectomy | ||
| CPT, n (%) | Pancreaticoduodenectomy | 14679 (63.2) |
| Pylorus-sparing pancreaticoduodenectomy | 8554 (36.8) | |
| Indication, n (%) | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | 12931 (55.7) |
| Ampullary/duodenal adenocarcinoma | 3627 (15.6) | |
| Biliary adenocarcinoma | 1761 (7.6) | |
| Neuroendocrine tumor | 1247 (5.5) | |
| Benign neoplasm of pancreas | 945 (4.1) | |
| Cystic lesion | 1101 (4.7) | |
| Chronic pancreatitis | 865 (3.7) | |
| Other | 756 (3.3) | |
| Jaundice, n (%) | 10102 (43.8) | |
| Pre-operative biliary stent, n (%) | Endoscopic stent | 10950 (49.1) |
| No stent at time of surgery | 10229 (45.9) | |
| Percutaneous stent | 696 (3.1) | |
| Stent of other or unknown type | 405 (1.8) | |
| Pre-operative chemotherapy, n (%) | 4857 (21.0) | |
| Pre-operative radiation therapy, n (%) | 1863 (8.1) | |
| Approach, n (%) | Minimally invasive (MIS) | 1863 (8.1) |
| Open (planned) | 21172 (91.1) | |
| Pancreatic duct size, n (%) | 3–6 mm | 9780 (42.1) |
| <3 mm | 5748 (24.7) | |
| >6 mm | 3031 (13.0) | |
| Unknown | 4674 (20.1) | |
| Pancreas gland texture, n (%) | Hard | 7517 (32.4) |
| Intermediate | 2117 (9.1) | |
| Soft | 8143 (35.0) | |
| Unknown | 5456 (23.5) | |
| Type of reconstruction, n (%) | Not performed | 739 (3.3) |
| Pancreaticogastrostomy | 511 (2.3) | |
| Pancreaticojejunal duct-to-mucosal | 19499 (86.0) | |
| Pancreaticojejunal invagination | 1915 (8.4) | |
| Drains placed, n (%) | Yes | 20649 (89.0) |
| Vascular resection, n (%) | Not performed | 18950 (82.4) |
| Artery | 435 (1.9) | |
| Vein | 2860 (12.4) | |
| Vein and artery | 766 (3.3) | |
| Drain amylase (POD1), mean (SD) | 3475.8 (10299.8) | |
| Incision type, n (%) | Subcostal type | 1916 (8.2) |
| Upper midline | 9179 (39.5) | |
| Other | 177 (0.8) | |
| Unknown | 11961 (51.5) | |
| Gastrojejunostomy, n (%) | Antecolic | 3832 (16.5) |
| Retrocolic | 1611 (6.9) | |
| Not performed | 192 (0.8) | |
| Unknown | 17598 (75.7) | |
| Drain location, n (%) | Biliary anastomosis | 157 (0.7) |
| Pancreatic & Biliary Anastomosis | 3946 (17.0) | |
| Pancreatic anastomosis | 964 (4.1) | |
| Pancreatic parenchyma | 119 (0.5) | |
| Type(s) cannot be determined | 536 (2.3) | |
| Unknown | 17511 (75.4) | |
| Drain system type, n (%) | Closed | 10599 (45.6) |
| Closed and Open | 122 (0.5) | |
| Open | 96 (0.4) | |
| Unknown | 12416 (53.4) | |
| Wound protector, n (%) | Yes | 4131 (17.8) |
| No | 11334 (48.8) | |
| Unknown | 7768 (33.4) | |
| Pre-incision antibiotic, n (%) | 1st generation cephalosporin | 5302 (22.8) |
| 2nd or 3rd generation cephalosporin | 4493 (19.3) | |
| Broad spectrum | 6125 (26.4) | |
| Other | 552 (2.4) | |
| Unknown | 6761 (29.1) |