Table 1.

Properties of RPE cell cultures from different source.

	ARPE19a	Mouse primary RPEb	Pig primary RPEc	Human primary RPE (fetal origin)d	Human primary RPE (adult origin)e	iPSC-RPEf
Accessibility	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	High
Culture methods	Easy	Intermediate	Intermediate	Intermediate	Difficult	Difficult, variable
Time to full differentiation	Short-Medium (2–4 weeks)	Short-Medium (<1–4 weeks)	Short (2 weeks)	Long (8 weeks)	Medium (4 weeks)	Long (10 weeks)
Cost	Low	Moderate	Low-Moderate	High	High	High
Expandability	High	Low	Low	Moderate	Low	Moderate (but can differentiate a new batch)
Cell phenotype    - Hexagonality    - Pigmentation    - Junctional resistance    - Polarity
	Moderate	Moderate	High	High	Moderate	High
	Low	Moderate	Moderate-High	High	Moderate	Moderate-High
	Low	Moderate	High	High	Low	High
	Moderate	Moderate	High	High	Moderate	High
Developmental stage	N/A	High (fully differentiated)	High (fully differentiated)	Moderate	High	High (similar to adult RPE)
Connection to AMD genetics	Possible	Possible	Possible	Possible	Extensive	Extensive
Ability to model AMD pathology	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate	High	High
Genetic manipulation	Possible	Possible	Possible	None-possible	None	Extensive
Usability    - Biochemistry    - Cell biology    - High throughput screens
	High	High	High	Moderate	Low	High
	High	Moderate	High	Moderate	High	High
	High	Moderate	Moderate	Low	Low	High

Scales used: (1) high, moderate, low; (2) easy, intermediate, difficult; (3) none, possible, extensive; (4) short, medium, long

^aDavis et al., 1995; Dunn et al., 1996; Hazim et al., 2019

^bGibbs et al., 2003; Gibbs and Williams, 2003; Fernandez-Godino et al., 2016; Shang et al. 2021

^cToops et al., 2014; Georgiannakis et al., 2015; Klingeborn et al., 2017

^dHu and Bok 2001; Maminishkis et al., 2006; Sonoda et al., 2009

^e Fernandes et al., 2018

^fMay-Simera et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2019; Sharma et al., 2020