Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and CMR Biomarkers
| All Patients | MACE (n = 73) | No MACE (n = 948) | AUCk | P Value | HR (95% CI) | HR P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 63 (52 to 72) | 72 (61 to 77) | 63 (52 to 72) | 0.659 | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.39-2.32) | <0.001 |
| Sex | 753/1,011 (74.5) | 46/71 (64.8) | 707/940 (75.2) | 0.505 | 0.052 | 0.81 (0.65-1.00) | 0.050 |
| Height, cm | 2 (1 to 2) | 2 (1 to 3) | 1 (1 to 2) | 0.597 | 0.003 | 0.69 (0.55-0.86) | 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 81 (72 to 90) | 76 (70 to 86) | 82 (73 to 90) | 0.568 | 0.035 | 0.82 (0.64-1.05) | 0.110 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||||
| Current smoking | 405/935 (43.3) | 19/63 (30.2) | 386/872 (44.3) | 0.522 | 0.029 | 0.75 (0.57-0.97) | 0.032 |
| Hypertension | 716/1,010 (70.9) | 61/71 (85.9) | 655/939 (69.8) | 0.545 | 0.004 | 1.53 (1.13-2.08) | 0.006 |
| Hyperlipoproteinemia | 624/1,005 (62.1) | 45/71 (63.4) | 579/934 (62.0) | <0.5 | 0.816 | 1.03 (0.81-1.30) | 0.824 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 231/1,010 (22.9) | 26/71 (36.6) | 205/939 (21.8) | 0.526 | 0.004 | 1.34 (1.09-1.64) | 0.005 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.4 (25.0 to 30.4) | 27.0 (25.2 to 30.8) | 27.4 (25.0 to 30.3) | <0.5 | 0.959 | 1.03 (0.82-1.30) | 0.773 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.95 (1.83 to 2.08) | 1.88 (1.76 to 2.00) | 1.96 (1.83 to 2.08) | 0.593 | 0.006 | 0.74 (0.59-0.94) | 0.014 |
| Killip class on admission | 0.573 | <0.001 | 0.52 (0.41-0.65) | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 899/1,011 (88.9) | 49/71 (69.0) | 850/940 (90.4) | ||||
| 2 | 76/1,011 (7.5) | 13/71 (18.3) | 63/940 (6.7) | ||||
| 3 | 20/1,011 (2.0) | 4/71 (5.6) | 16/940 (1.7) | ||||
| 4 | 16/1,011 (1.6) | 5/71 (7.0) | 11/940 (1.2) | ||||
| No. of diseased vessels | 0.567 | 0.003 | 1.40 (1.12-1.75) | 0.003 | |||
| 1 | 502/1,011 (49.7) | 25/71 (35.2) | 477/940 (50.7) | ||||
| 2 | 310/1,011 (30.7) | 23/71 (32.4) | 287/940 (30.5) | ||||
| 3 | 199/1,011 (19.7) | 23/71 (32.4) | 176/940 (18.7) | ||||
| TIMI flow grade after PCI | <0.5 | 0.318 | 0.95 (0.77-1.16) | 0.598 | |||
| 0 | 19/1,011 (1.9) | 1/71 (1.4) | 18/940 (1.9) | ||||
| 1 | 21/1,011 (2.1) | 2/71 (2.8) | 19/940 (2.0) | ||||
| 2 | 78/1,011 (7.7) | 8/71 (11.3) | 70/940 (7.4) | ||||
| 3 | 893/1,011 (88.3) | 60/71 (84.5) | 833/940 (88.6) | ||||
| CMR biomarkers | |||||||
| LV ESV, mL | 70 (53 to 91) | 86 (60 to 110) | 69 (53 to 90) | 0.599 | 0.004 | 1.43 (1.18-1.73) | <0.001 |
| LV EDV, mL | 144 (117 to 171) | 145 (121 to 170) | 144 (117 to 172) | <0.5 | 0.987 | 1.05 (0.83-1.33) | 0.679 |
| LVEF, % | 50.5 (43.3 to 57.3) | 40.6 (33.1 to 52.2) | 50.8 (44.0 to 57.5) | 0.683 | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.74-0.87) | <0.001 |
| Infarct size, mL | 17.2 (6.4 to 30.2) | 24.6 (9.7 to 36.4) | 16.7 (6.0 to 29.9) | 0.591 | 0.006 | 1.29 (1.08-1.53) | 0.005 |
| Infarct size (% LV mass) | 13.4 (5.4 to 21.8) | 20.3 (9.6 to 28.9) | 13.1 (5.3 to 21.4) | 0.609 | 0.001 | 1.44 (1.18-1.76) | <0.001 |
| MVO, mL | 0.00 (0.00 to 1.90) | 0.40 (0.00 to 3.00) | 0.00 (0.00 to 1.80) | 0.543 | 0.060 | 1.27 (1.11-1.45) | <0.001 |
| MVO (% LV mass) | 0.00 (0.00 to 1.39) | 0.32 (0.00 to 2.15) | 0.00 (0.00 to 1.27) | 0.547 | 0.044 | 1.26 (1.09-1.46) | 0.002 |
| ES shape | 0.680 | ||||||
| Mode 1 | −5 (−135 to 126) | 62 (−61 to 233) | −10 (−136 to 119) | 0.002 | 1.49 (1.18-1.87) | <0.001 | |
| Mode 5 | 0 (−34 to 36) | −11 (−51 to 22) | 1 (−33 to 37) | 0.014 | 0.73 (0.58-0.91) | 0.006 | |
| Mode 6 | −3 (−30 to 28) | −21 (−44 to 3) | −2 (−29 to 30) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.50-0.81) | <0.001 | |
| Contraction displacement | 0.716 | ||||||
| Mode 3 | −4 (−54 to 62) | 49 (−29 to 106) | −6 (−55 to 59) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.36-2.12) | <0.001 | |
| Mode 5 | 3 (−37 to 39) | −30 (−57 to 23) | 4 (−33 to 40) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.51-0.78) | <0.001 | |
| Mode 16 | 1 (−15 to 14) | −9 (−19 to 5) | 1 (−14 to 15) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.52-0.82) | <0.001 | |
Values are median (IQR) or n/N (%). P values calculated between MACE and No MACE groups. HRs presented with 95% CIs and predictor significance. AUCk provides the predictive power of each biomarker, assessed via linear discriminant analysis (median AUC, 10-cross-fold validated, 100 random data splits).
AUC = area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve; CMR = cardiac magnetic resonance; EDV = end-diastolic volume; ESV = end-systolic volume; LV = left ventricular; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MACE = major adverse cardiac events; MVO = microvascular obstruction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; TIMI = Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction.