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. 2022 Sep 5;13:5225. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32866-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A Currently approved autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy is based on a person’s own T cells that are given back to the same patient after ex vivo modification. The production process is performed under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions and monitored by several quality controls. B Biological approaches to increase CAR T cell quality by process development include the reduction of the manufacturing time, the selection of efficient T cell or CAR T cell subpopulations and the required cytokine combinations in order to avoid exhausted cells. C For allogenic CAR immunotherapy, different immune effector cells are obtained from healthy donors and can be given to a large cohort of patients. To enable allogenic CAR T cells, depletion of their T cell receptor (TCR) and the CD52 molecule is performed before they are further modified with the CAR. Other promising immune effector cells are natural killer (NK) cells or macrophages. To obtain cells for allogenic CAR cells, mature healthy donor cells could be derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in the future.