Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2022 Sep 5;13:5211. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32868-y

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 2 — a, b Illustration of the implantation of NSs-loaded 3D printing gel scaffold before and after calvarial defect surgery. c, d μ-CT evaluation of bone regeneration in Defect control (Defect), 3D printed scaffold (Scaffold), 3D printed scaffold containing NSs (Scaffold + NSs) groups at 4 weeks and 3 12 weeks post-surgery of calvarial defect (the yellow area indicates new bone formation), respectively. n = 3 rats for per group and per time point. e Bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (Exact p value calculated with one-way ANOVA Tukey’s multiple comparisons test: *p = 0.0218, *p = 0.0391); and f Bone mass density (BMD) (Exact p value calculated with one-way ANOVA Tukey’s multiple comparisons test: *p = 0.0113, *p = 0.0214) of regenerated tissues in defect area at 4 weeks after calvarial defect. g Bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (Exact p value calculated with one-way ANOVA Tukey’s multiple comparisons test: **p = 0.0076, p = 0.0532); and h Bone mass density (BMD) (Exact p value calculated with one-way ANOVA Tukey’s multiple comparisons test: **p = 0.0045, p = 0.0582) of regenerated tissues in defect area 12 weeks after calvarial defect; n = 3 biologically independent rats. i, j HE staining and Masson’ Trichromic staining of paraffin sections in Defect, 3D Scaffold, Scaffold + NSs groups at 4 weeks after calvarial defect (bar = 500 μm at low magnification and bar = 50 μm at high magnification). k, l HE staining and Masson’ Trichromic staining of paraffin sections in Defect, 3D Scaffold, Scaffold + NSs groups at 12 weeks after calvarial defect (bar = 500 μm at low magnification and bar = 50μm at high magnification). m Co-immunofluorescent staining of NGFR and OCN expression in Defect, 3D Scaffold, Scaffold + NSs groups at 4 and 12 weeks after calvarial defect (bar = 50 μm), respectively. n Immunofluorescent staining of CD31 expression in Defect, 3D Scaffold, Scaffold + NSs groups at 4 and 12 weeks after calvarial defect (bar = 200 μm), respectively. The white dashed line indicates the border between the newly formed bone-like tissues. All data represent mean ± SD, and source data are provided as a Source Data file. At least three times of experiments were repeated independently.