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. 2022 Sep 5;13:5228. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32124-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Representative images of arbuscule-containing cells expressing VPY_pro:VPY-cpVenus (VPY, n = 28), VPY_pro:NLS-VPY-cpVenus (NLS-VPY, n = 16), VPY_pro:VPY-NES1-cpVenus (VPY-NES1, n = 19), or VPY_pro:cpVenus (cpVenus, n = 15). NLS-VPY accumulates exclusively in the nucleus, whereas VPY-NES1 is excluded from the nucleus. Scale bars are 10 μm. Arrows, puncta, arrowheads, cytoplasmic signal, N, nucleus. Three transgenic plants were imaged per construct. b Representative epifluorescence images of vpy-4 WGA-AlexaFluor 488 stained roots complemented with VPY_pro:VPY-cpVenus (VPY), or VPY_pro:VPY-NES1-cpVenus (VPY-NES). Scale bars are 100 μm. c The percentage of successful epidermal entry by D. epigeae in vpy-4 roots transformed with VPY_pro:cpVenus (cpVenus, n = 13) or VPY_pro:NLS-VPY-cpVenus (NLS-VPY, n = 14). (d) binned infection unit (IU) length of vpy-4 roots transformed with VPY_pro:cpVenus (cpVenus, n = 42 infection units) or VPY_pro:NLS-VPY-cpVenus (NLS-VPY, n = 50 infection units) and colonized by D. epigeae, IUs from ≥ 13 root systems per construct. IU length was categorized into three bins, where 1 is 0–0.75 mm, 2 is 0.75–1.5 mm, and 3 is greater than 1.5 mm. e Ratio of intercellular hyphae (IH) to arbuscules, (f) IH per intersection, and (g) arbuscules per intersection in D. epigeae-colonized vpy-4 roots transformed with VPY_pro:VPY-cpVenus (VPY) or VPY_pro:VPY-NES1-cpVenus (VPY-NES1), n = 7 root systems and ≥202 intersections per construct. P-values were calculated with a one-tailed Student’s t test. In (c)–(g), lines in boxplots represent the median value, box limits represent the upper and lower quartiles, whiskers represent 1.5 times the interquartile range.