Table 1.
Capacity measures per age-sex group.
| YW | YM | EW | EM | YW-YM | EW-EM | YW-EW | YW-EM | YM-EW | YM-EM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General data | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | |||||||||
| Age (years) | 27.1 (5) | 27.3 (4.3) | 75 (5.6) | 76.8 (7.2) | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| Height (cm) | 168.5 (7.4) | 181.5 (9.2) | 161.5 (5.7) | 174.4 (7.6) | *** | ** | *** | ||||||
| Bodymass (kg) | 64 (8.9) | 77.6 (11.6) | 66 (12.5) | 77.4 (13.4) | * | * | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 (3.1) | 23.5 (2.7) | 25.2 (3.8) | 25.5 (4.3) | |||||||||
| TUG (s) | 5.4 (0.8) | 5.5 (1) | 7.7 (1.5) | 7.9 (2.7) | ** | ** | ** | ** | |||||
| FES (-) | 7 (0) | 8.1 (2.5) | 8.8 (2.4) | 9.5 (4.3) | |||||||||
| Edmonton score (-) | – | – | – | – | |||||||||
| Healthy (-) | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.5 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.4) | 2 (0.4) | |||||||||
| TSTEP (s) | SELF | 1.49 (0.24) | 1.52 (0.22) | 1.48 (0.17) | 1.53 (0.33) | ||||||||
| FAST | 1.02 (0.14) | 0.96 (0.2) | 1.06 (0.11) | 1.08 (0.18) | |||||||||
| Strength measures (N/BW) | |||||||||||||
| Knee | 60°/s | ext. | D | 1.41 (0.51) | 2.48 (0.7) | 0.86 (0.33) | 1.13 (0.37) | *** | * | *** | *** | ||
| ND | 1.46 (0.49) | 2.47 (0.42) | 0.9 (0.4) | 1.26 (0.41) | *** | ** | *** | *** | |||||
| flex. | D | 0.91 (0.28) | 1.42 (0.32) | 0.51 (0.17) | 0.76 (0.24) | *** | ** | *** | *** | ||||
| ND | 0.98 (0.19) | 1.45 (0.26) | 0.53 (0.19) | 0.81 (0.28) | *** | * | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| 90°/s | ext. | D | 1.12 (0.52) | 1.96 (0.61) | 0.7 (0.35) | 0.8 (0.31) | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| ND | 1.13 (0.56) | 2.04 (0.44) | 0.65 (0.35) | 0.92 (0.37) | *** | * | *** | *** | |||||
| flex. | D | 0.69 (0.25) | 1.23 (0.31) | 0.38 (0.14) | 0.53 (0.28) | *** | * | *** | *** | ||||
| ND | 0.75 (0.27) | 1.21 (0.3) | 0.42 (0.17) | 0.65 (0.25) | *** | * | *** | *** | |||||
| Hip | 60°/s | ext. | D | 1.48 (0.54) | 2.19 (0.57) | 0.72 (0.31) | 1.52 (0.62) | ** | ** | ** | *** | * | |
| ND | 1.5 (0.67) | 2.34 (0.56) | 0.79 (0.37) | 1.42 (0.63) | ** | * | *** | ** | |||||
| flex. | D | 0.83 (0.19) | 1.27 (0.29) | 0.37 (0.15) | 0.6 (0.23) | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| ND | 0.79 (0.22) | 1.25 (0.24) | 0.39 (0.16) | 0.59 (0.26) | *** | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| 90°/s | ext. | D | 1.11 (0.56) | 1.71 (0.4) | 0.42 (0.24) | 0.96 (0.33) | ** | * | *** | *** | *** | ||
| ND | 1.06 (0.51) | 1.71 (0.66) | 0.5 (0.31) | 1.08 (0.5) | * | * | *** | * | |||||
| flex. | D | 0.67 (0.24) | 1.08 (0.27) | 0.27 (0.13) | 0.49 (0.18) | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| ND | 0.66 (0.27) | 0.98 (0.36) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.46 (0.25) | * | ** | *** | *** | |||||
| Ankle | 60°/s | ext. | D | 0.74 (0.36) | 0.83 (0.32) | 0.45 (0.19) | 0.56 (0.29) | * | |||||
| ND | 0.69 (0.36) | 0.85 (0.33) | 0.51 (0.19) | 0.57 (0.27) | * | ||||||||
| flex. | D | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.33 (0.1) | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.19 (0.06) | * | * | *** | *** | ||||
| ND | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.07) | *** | ||||||||
| 90°/s | ext. | D | 0.42 (0.24) | 0.51 (0.22) | 0.29 (0.12) | 0.35 (0.15) | * | ||||||
| ND | 0.44 (0.26) | 0.58 (0.23) | 0.32 (0.15) | 0.38 (0.2) | * | ||||||||
| flex. | D | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.27 (0.08) | 0.15 (0.06) | 0.18 (0.07) | ** | *** | ** | |||||
| ND | 0.17 (0.04) | 0.23 (0.05) | 0.16 (0.08) | 0.16 (0.05) | * | ||||||||
| Elbow | 60°/s | ext. | D | 0.42 (0.16) | 0.63 (0.17) | 0.37 (0.1) | 0.55 (0.26) | * | ** | ||||
| ND | 0.45 (0.15) | 0.7 (0.19) | 0.37 (0.1) | 0.48 (0.13) | *** | *** | ** | ||||||
| flex. | D | 0.34 (0.15) | 0.59 (0.13) | 0.27 (0.06) | 0.35 (0.11) | *** | *** | *** | |||||
| ND | 0.29 (0.12) | 0.54 (0.13) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.34 (0.09) | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| 90°/s | ext. | D | 0.35 (0.12) | 0.53 (0.13) | 0.27 (0.11) | 0.43 (0.17) | ** | * | *** | ||||
| ND | 0.39 (0.11) | 0.58 (0.16) | 0.28 (0.08) | 0.36 (0.11) | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| flex. | D | 0.31 (0.12) | 0.57 (0.12) | 0.2 (0.06) | 0.33 (0.12) | *** | * | * | *** | *** | |||
| ND | 0.25 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.13) | 0.23 (0.07) | 0.3 (0.11) | *** | *** | *** | ||||||
| Handgrip strength (Kg) | |||||||||||||
| HGS | D | 28.71 (8.89) | 49 (9.09) | 20.21 (4.76) | 33.55 (7.54) | *** | ** | * | *** | *** | |||
| ND | 27.43 (6.79) | 46.31 (10.3) | 18.04 (4.28) | 33.82 (7.6) | *** | *** | * | *** | ** | ||||
| Balance score (Z-score) | |||||||||||||
| AP | EO | 0.26 (0.37) | −0.28 (0.55) | −0.12 (1.1) | 0.13 (0.97) | ||||||||
| EC | 0.08 (0.39) | −0.21 (0.51) | −0.11 (1.05) | 0.26 (0.78) | |||||||||
| ML | EO | 0.07 (0.69) | −0.13 (0.61) | −0.09 (1.3) | 0.15 (0.43) | ||||||||
| EC | −0.01 (0.37) | −0.25 (0.32) | −0.05 (1.06) | 0.3 (0.87) | |||||||||
| Proprioception (deg) | |||||||||||||
| Maximum error | D | 6.68 (2.21) | 7.22 (4.47) | 7.53 (3.07) | 7.79 (2.98) | ||||||||
| ND | 7.66 (2.92) | 7.1 (2.28) | 7.21 (4.82) | 7.09 (2.46) | |||||||||
| Minimum error | D | 0.71 (0.82) | 0.59 (0.53) | 0.65 (0.38) | 1.09 (1.39) | ||||||||
| ND | 0.73 (0.65) | 0.36 (0.38) | 0.82 (1.47) | 0.75 (0.99) | |||||||||
| Mean error | D | 2.98 (1.05) | 2.89 (1.59) | 3.35 (1.05) | 3.87 (2.24) | ||||||||
| ND | 3.49 (1.66) | 2.82 (0.97) | 3.36 (2.8) | 3.37 (1.39) | |||||||||
| s.d. error | D | 1.87 (0.55) | 2.16 (1.4) | 2.31 (0.94) | 2.19 (0.65) | ||||||||
| ND | 2.33 (0.98) | 2.14 (0.58) | 2.02 (1.17) | 2.13 (0.66) | |||||||||
| Joint Range of Motion (deg) | |||||||||||||
| Hip | flex. | D | 135.43 (9.17) | 136.31 (5.88) | 128.42 (4.08) | 123.8 (11) | ** | ** | |||||
| ND | 134.79 (9.5) | 134.15 (4.98) | 127.83 (5.15) | 126.6 (9.08) | |||||||||
| Ankle | pflex. | D | 64.29 (12.08) | 54.31 (8.57) | 56.17 (11.54) | 39.4 (11.75) | ** | *** | * | ||||
| ND | 64.86 (7.44) | 57.62 (10.38) | 56.17 (10.88) | 40.8 (14.94) | ** | *** | ** | ||||||
| dflex. | D | −36.57 (7.14) | −35.77 (9.82) | −32.75 (8.52) | −28.4 (11.12) | ||||||||
| ND | −36.21 (11.14) | −34.92 (9.2) | −31.5 (6.88) | −28.6 (6.82) | |||||||||
| Nerve conduction study | |||||||||||||
| CMAP (mV) | median | 6.47 (5.02) | 10.41 (4.03) | 5.25 (2.42) | 5.82 (3.53) | * | |||||||
| tibial | 11.78 (2.69) | 15.57 (4.01) | 8.87 (4.26) | 8.97 (4.24) | ** | ** | |||||||
| peroneal | 4.7 (2.65) | 6.45 (2.25) | 2.95 (1.21) | 3.23 (1.71) | ** | ** | |||||||
| PMCT (ms/cm) | median | 0.09 (0.01) | 0.09 (0) | 0.1 (0.01) | 0.1 (0.01) | * | * | ||||||
| tibial | 0.1 (0.01) | 0.1 (0.01) | 0.11 (0) | 0.12 (0) | * | *** | * | ** | |||||
| peroneal | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.15 (0) | 0.17 (0.02) | 0.17 (0.01) | * | ** | |||||||
| Hlat. (ms/cm) | tibial | 0.18 (0.01) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.2 (0.02) | 0.2 (0.02) | ** | ** | ||||||
ext extension, flex flexion, D dominant side, ND non-dominant side, EO eyes open, EC eyes closed.
p value (ANOVA): *=p < 0.05, **=p < 0.01, ***=p < 0.001.