Table 2.
Capacity measures per arm strategy group.
| ARM (N = 15) | THIGH (N = 4) | ARMF (N = 5) | LEG (N = 13) | OTHER (N = 13) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General data | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | Mean (sd) | |||
| Age (years) | 63.5 (25.9)a | 50.5 (30.1) | 52.8 (22.8) | 46.5 (24.1) | 35.1 (18)a | |||
| Height (cm) | 172.7 (11.7) | 167 (7.3) | 181.3 (5.3) | 168.5 (10) | 170.8 (10.3) | |||
| Bodymass (kg) | 74.9 (12.7) | 68 (13.4) | 81.1 (10.6) | 67.8 (14.8) | 66.6 (9.8) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 (4.7) | 24.3 (3.9) | 24.7 (3.4) | 23.7 (3.1) | 22.8 (2.4) | |||
| TUG (s) | 7.6 (2.9)a | 7.4 (1.4) | 5.7 (0.7) | 6.3 (1.2) | 5.6 (0.9)a | |||
| FES (-) | 9.5 (4.1) | 12.7 (3.5)b,c,d | 7.2 (0.4)b | 7.3 (0.7)c | 7.4 (0.8)d | |||
| Edmonton Score (-) | 2.2 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) | 0.7 (1.2) | 1.8 (0.8) | 0 (0) | |||
| Healthy (-) | 2.4 (1.2) | 2.8 (1) | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.9) | |||
| TSTEP (s) | SELF | 1.5 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.1) | 1.5 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.2) | ||
| FAST | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | |||
| Strength measures (N/BW) | ||||||||
| Knee | 60°/s | ext. | D | 1.27 (0.74) | 1.49 (0.64) | 1.74 (0.87) | 1.45 (0.64) | 1.73 (1.02) |
| ND | 1.29 (0.69) | 1.31 (0.76) | 1.64 (0.65) | 1.64 (0.58) | 1.78 (0.91) | |||
| flex. | D | 0.79 (0.46) | 0.86 (0.24) | 1.05 (0.39) | 0.83 (0.33) | 1.1 (0.5) | ||
| ND | 0.81 (0.46) | 0.84 (0.33) | 1.12 (0.34) | 0.97 (0.3) | 1.09 (0.47) | |||
| 90°/s | ext. | D | 1.02 (0.67) | 1.07 (0.54) | 1.24 (0.88) | 1.2 (0.57) | 1.33 (0.82) | |
| ND | 1.05 (0.71) | 1.08 (0.61) | 1.23 (0.61) | 1.31 (0.6) | 1.33 (0.84) | |||
| flex. | D | 0.64 (0.45) | 0.59 (0.24) | 0.79 (0.5) | 0.67 (0.29) | 0.89 (0.46) | ||
| ND | 0.67 (0.43) | 0.7 (0.28) | 0.94 (0.33) | 0.77 (0.28) | 0.84 (0.47) | |||
| Hip | 60°/s | ext. | D | 1.4 (0.9) | 1.31 (0.28) | 2.22 (0.4) | 1.39 (0.6) | 1.46 (0.77) |
| ND | 1.35 (0.86) | 1.31 (0.43) | 2.26 (0.47) | 1.42 (0.63) | 1.65 (0.93) | |||
| flex. | D | 0.67 (0.52) | 0.71 (0.21) | 0.91 (0.17) | 0.76 (0.33) | 0.91 (0.42) | ||
| ND | 0.68 (0.51) | 0.73 (0.25) | 0.97 (0.23) | 0.74 (0.3) | 0.84 (0.42) | |||
| 90°/s | ext. | D | 0.94 (0.72) | 0.94 (0.29) | 1.49 (0.4) | 1 (0.56) | 1.16 (0.67) | |
| ND | 1.03 (0.81) | 0.88 (0.12) | 1.74 (0.71) | 1 (0.43) | 1.11 (0.71) | |||
| flex. | D | 0.56 (0.45) | 0.56 (0.26) | 0.78 (0.31) | 0.62 (0.3) | 0.73 (0.39) | ||
| ND | 0.59 (0.51) | 0.52 (0.17) | 0.78 (0.29) | 0.56 (0.23) | 0.65 (0.37) | |||
| Ankle | 60°/s | ext. | D | 0.57 (0.43) | 0.44 (0.13) | 0.88 (0.32) | 0.67 (0.14) | 0.71 (0.34) |
| ND | 0.63 (0.44) | 0.46 (0.15) | 0.87 (0.32) | 0.63 (0.17) | 0.72 (0.3) | |||
| flex. | D | 0.18 (0.08) | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.09) | 0.29 (0.13) | ||
| ND | 0.18 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.1) | 0.22 (0.08) | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.24 (0.07) | |||
| 90°/s | ext. | D | 0.38 (0.28) | 0.33 (0.14) | 0.49 (0.2) | 0.38 (0.1) | 0.42 (0.23) | |
| ND | 0.39 (0.32) | 0.37 (0.2) | 0.55 (0.28) | 0.41 (0.13) | 0.49 (0.19) | |||
| flex. | D | 0.19 (0.08) | 0.18 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.04) | 0.2 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.09) | ||
| ND | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.19 (0.08) | 0.2 (0.05) | 0.16 (0.04) | 0.21 (0.07) | |||
| Elbow | 60°/s | ext. | D | 0.5 (0.21) | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.62 (0.2) | 0.46 (0.13) | 0.49 (0.26) |
| ND | 0.47 (0.18) | 0.46 (0.11) | 0.6 (0.09) | 0.5 (0.16) | 0.52 (0.27) | |||
| flex. | D | 0.32 (0.16) | 0.46 (0.17) | 0.51 (0.13) | 0.37 (0.12) | 0.41 (0.22) | ||
| ND | 0.31 (0.14) | 0.42 (0.12) | 0.47 (0.12) | 0.32 (0.15) | 0.35 (0.2) | |||
| 90°/s | ext. | D | 0.39 (0.16) | 0.26 (0.09) | 0.5 (0.15) | 0.38 (0.11) | 0.41 (0.2) | |
| ND | 0.35 (0.16) | 0.39 (0.11) | 0.47 (0.11) | 0.41 (0.13) | 0.45 (0.22) | |||
| flex. | D | 0.29 (0.17) | 0.4 (0.14) | 0.5 (0.14) | 0.34 (0.14) | 0.36 (0.22) | ||
| ND | 0.28 (0.13) | 0.39 (0.1) | 0.42 (0.15) | 0.31 (0.13) | 0.32 (0.19) | |||
| Handgrip strength (Kg) | ||||||||
| HGS | D | 32.4 (11.69) | 36 (18.96) | 41.2 (7.43) | 30.69 (13.18) | 31.96 (14.81) | ||
| ND | 31.67 (11.42) | 34.5 (16.03) | 38 (9.38) | 27.27 (14.08) | 32.08 (13.39) | |||
| Balance score (Z-score) | ||||||||
| Anterior-Posterior | EO | 0.16 (0.91) | 0.38 (0.27) | −0.1 (0.47) | −0.24 (1) | −0.05 (0.6) | ||
| EC | 0.23 (0.68) | −0.01 (0.72) | −0.24 (0.46) | −0.22 (1.02) | 0.03 (0.37) | |||
| Medial-Lateral | EO | 0.05 (0.49) | 0.03 (0.34) | −0.06 (0.37) | −0.14 (1.36) | 0.08 (0.63) | ||
| EC | 0.13 (0.81) | 0.09 (0.63) | −0.15 (0.41) | −0.18 (1) | −0.01 (0.24) | |||
| Proprioception (deg) | ||||||||
| Mean error | D | 2.71 (0.8)e | 3.17 (1.38) | 5.17 (2.72)e,f | 2.98 (0.98)f | 3.38 (1.69) | ||
| ND | 2.63 (0.83) | 4.41 (2.17) | 4.31 (1.49) | 3.75 (2.72) | 2.76 (0.9) | |||
| Joint Range of Motion (deg) | ||||||||
| Hip | flex. | D | 125.71 (9.71)a | 133.25 (6.65) | 133.6 (8.08) | 133.69 (6.17)a | 134.46 (10.2) | |
| ND | 128 (9.06) | 133.25 (4.11) | 134.4 (7.06) | 130.15 (6.36) | 134 (9.21) | |||
| Ankle | pflex. | D | 46.5 (12.28)a | 58.75 (10.69) | 55.6 (24.63) | 58.62 (10.81)a | 57.54 (11.86) | |
| ND | 47.79 (10.82)A | 54.25 (13.6) | 49 (24.58) | 63.92 (8.99)A | 59.77 (9.58) | |||
| dflex. | D | −29.14 (10.09) | −29.75 (4.65) | −37.2 (8.87) | −33.54 (8.51) | −38.85 (8.48) | ||
| ND | −28.64 (7.4) | −32.5 (5.74) | −36.4 (9.37) | −32.23 (10.98) | −37.92 (7.77) | |||
| Nerve conduction study | ||||||||
| CMAP (mV) | median | 8.37 (4.8) | 4.56 (2.04) | 5.96 (1.53) | 5.27 (3.06) | 7.81 (4.85) | ||
| tibial | 10.18 (4.12) | 13.56 (4.19) | 7.52 (3.04) | 10.35 (3.72) | 14.32 (5.27) | |||
| peroneal | 4.26 (2.32) | 7.06 (4.08) | 3.72 (1.99) | 4.33 (2.81) | 4.12 (1.76) | |||
| PMCT (ms/cm) | median | 0.1 (0.01) | 0.08 (0) | 0.1 (0) | 0.1 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.01) | ||
| tibial | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.11 (0) | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.11 (0.01) | |||
| peroneal | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.17 (0.01) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.15 (0.01) | |||
| Hlat. (ms/cm) | tibial | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.19 (0.03) | 0.19 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.18 (0.02) | ||
In bold significant differences in means between (ANOVA): A = ARM and OTHER (p < 0.001); a = ARM and OTHER (p < 0.05); b = THIGH and ARMF (p < 0.05); c = THIGH and LEG (p < 0.05); d = THIGH and OTHER (p < 0.05); e = ARM and ARMF (p < 0.05); f = LEG and ARMF (p < 0.05).