Figure 3.

Central Illustration Hypertension in women. Preclinical and clinical trials mainly include male animals and men. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of hypertension has some sex-specific differences and female-specific causes (these differences and causes are described above). Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and drug safety have also been noted, whereas data on the efficacy of antihypertensive medications are contradictory. Therefore, further trials are needed, and their results may provide background for sex-specific guidelines for hypertension management.