TABLE 1.

Detailed information on the beneficial ginsenoside properties in the treatment of spinal cord injury.

Ginsenoside	Molecular structure	Anti-inflammatory	Anti-apoptotic	Anti-oxidant stress	Inhibition of glial scar formation	Signal path or receptor
GRb1		√		√		ERβ (Lee et al., 2021; Gong et al., 2022)
		√	√			TLR4/ NF-κB (Lü et al., 2019)
		√	√			GABA (Wang D. et al., 2021)
			√			AQP4 (Chen et al., 2020)
				√		eNOs/Nrf2/HO-1 (Li et al., 2019)
				√		PI3K/AKT (Luo et al., 2014; Tang et al., 2017; Liu X. et al., 2018)
				√		Nrf2/HO-1 (Ghafouri-Fard et al., 2022)
		√		√		PPARγ (Ye et al., 2016)
		√				Nrf2 and NF-κB (Li et al., 2017a)
GRg1			√		√	PI3K/AKT (Jang et al., 2016)
				√		Nrf2/ARE (Yi et al., 2019)
		√	√			MAPKp38/Nrf2/ NF-κB (Chu et al., 2019)
GRg3			√			AKT/ eNOs (Fan et al., 2018)
GRh2		√		√		TLR4/NF-κB (Wang Y. et al., 2015)
GRd			√	√		AKT/ERK (Xu X. et al., 2020)