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. 2022 Aug 23;10:948812. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948812

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Copyright © 2022 Phothichailert, Nowwarote, Fournier, Trachoo, Roytrakul, Namangkalakul and Osathanon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Characterization of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM). Morphology, mineralization, and alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity (ALP) were examined (A). Ultrastructure of dECM was observed using scanning electron microscopic analysis (B). Fibronectin and type I-collagen were determined using immunofluorescence staining (C). The genetic component was stained using DAPI (C). Glycosaminoglycans deposition was detected by Alcian Blue staining (D) Chemical composition of dECM was examined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (E). dECM-N; decellularized extracellular matrix derived from maintaining cells in normal medium, dECM-OM; decellularized extracellular matrix derived from maintaining cells in osteogenic medium.